German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. - Vol. 33 (1990).

Contents

ARTICLES

René Barents: The Community and the Unity of the Common Market. Some Reflections on the Economic Constitution of the Community

I. Introduction

II. The Unity of the Common Market

1. The Internal Market

2. Freedom of Trade and Undistorted Competition

3. Market Unity

III. The Common Market and the Member States

1. Free Movement

a) The Country of Destination Principle

b) The Country of Origin Principle

2. Undistorted Competition

a) Distortion of Competition

b) Disparities

3. Discrimination(s) and Distortion(s)

IV. The Common Market and the Community

1. Unity of the Market and Non-discrimination

2. The Case Law

3. Non-Discrimination or Non-interference With Trade

V. Non-Discrimination and Differentiation

1. Discrimination and Renationalization

2. Duty to Differentiate

3. Differentiation in the Framework of Discretionary Policy

4. Complementary Actions of Member States

5. Proportionality and Non-Discrimination

VI. Exceptions to the Unity of the Common Market

1. Emergencies and Absence of Alternatives

2. Transitional and Political Difficulties

a) The Claw-back

b) A More Lenient Approach?

VII. Market Unity as an Element of the Economic Constitution of the Community

Michael K. Addo: A Critical Analysis of the Perennial International Economic Law Problems of the EEC-ACP Relationship

I. Introduction

II. The Development and Ethos of Lomé

III. The Recurring Problems

1. Self-interest in a Co-operative Setting

a) The Effect of the Shift in Legal Basis from Co-existence to Co-operation

b) The Place of Sovereignty in Unequal Co-operation

IV. Accountability Through Justiciability

1. Other A ttempts at Essential A ccountability

a) Participation

b) Human Rights

V. Conclusion

Iain Cameron and Frank Horn: Reservations to the European Convention on Human Rights: The Belilos Case

I. Introduction

II. The Facts of the Case

III. The Approach of the Commission

IV. The Approach of the Court

V. Issues Raised by the Case

1.

a) The Distinction Between Reservations and Interpretative Declarations

b) The Scope of the Swiss Proviso

c) The Nature of the Swiss Proviso

2.

a) The Competence of the Commission and the Court to Determine the Validity of Reservations

b) A Common European Public Order

c) Implications for Other Treaty Régimes

3. The Prohibition of General Reservations

a) The Concept of Generality

b) Imprecise Reservations

c) Specific Reservations to „General Reservations“

d) „Overspill“ Reservations

e) Flexible Reservations

f) The Relationship Between Incompatibility and Generality

4. The Requirement of a Brief Statement Under Article 64 (2)

5.

a) The Effects of Invalid Reservations

b) Subsequent Developments

6. Implications for Other Reservations to the Convention

a) Austria

b) Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)

c) Finland

d) France

e) Ireland

f) Liechtenstein

g) Malta

h) Portugal

i) San Marino

j) Spain

k) Switzerland

1) The Turkish and Cypriot Declarations Under Article 25

VI. Conclusions

Karl Zemanek: Austria and the European Community

I. Introduction

II. Austria's Permanent Neutrality

1. The Concept of Permanent Neutrality

a) Permanent Neutrality as a Legal Status

b) Permanent Neutrality as a Function of Balance of Power

c) A Comprehensive View of Permanent Neutrality

2. Permanent Neutrality in the Post-War European System

a) Austria's Situation in 1955

b) The Neutrals in the European System and the Challenge of European Integration

c) A New European System?

III. Neutrality and EEC Membership

1. Situations Requiring Specific Neutral Action

a) A „War“ in Which One or More EEC Members Confront One or More Non-Members

aa) Transit

bb) Uniform Application of Restrictions or Prohibitions Concerning the Export of War Material

b) A „War“ Between Non-Members of the EEC

c) A Politically-Motivated Embargo in Peace Time

2. The Central Issues

a) The EEC Practice of Trade Embargoes

b) The Exception of „Arms, Munitions and War Material“: Article 223 EECT

c) The Exception of Special Situations: Article 224 EECT

aa) The Situations

bb) The Measures

cc) The Limitations

d) Control of the Freedom: Article 225 EECT

IV. Neutrality and the Political Evolution of the EC

1. Building Political Identity: The EPC

2. Moving Towards Union: Are There Limitations for a Permanently Neutral State?

Donald M. McRae and L. Rita Theil: The Implications of Europe 1992: A Canadian Perspective

I. Introduction

II. Canada and World Trade

1. Constitutional Framework

2. The International Trade Framework

a) Canada and the GATT

b) Canada-United States Free Trade

III. Canada and the European Community

IV. The Impact of 1992 on Canada: An Overview

V. The Impact of 1992 on Canada: The Telecommunications Industry

1. Introduction: The Canadian Telecommunications Industry

2. The Telecommunications Industry in the EC: The Imperative to Restructure

3. The Impact of Increased Market Size and Competition

4. The Impact of the Lowering of Technical Barriers and the Setting of Standards

5. The Opening of Public Procurement

VI. The Problem of Reciprocity

VII. Conclusion

Thomas Läufer: Haushalt und Finanzen als Konfliktfeld der EG-Organe und der EG-Mitgliedstaaten

I. Einleitung

II. Haushaltsstruktur der EG

III. Haushaltsverfahren der EG

IV. Haushaltskonflikte seit 1975

1. Kompetenzabgrenzung durch Ausgabenklassifizierung

2. Anwendung des Höchstsatzes

3. Mittelbewilligung und Rechtsetzung

a) Haushaltsplan als Rechtsgrundlage

b) Ausgabenplafondierung durch Ratsbeschluß

4. Kapitalhaushalt der EG

5. Überblick über die Haushaltskonflikte

V. Interinstitutionelle Zusammenarbeit beim Haushalt

1. Konzertierung

a) Zweck

b) Praxis

c) Bewertung

2. Haushaltstrialog

a) Zweck

b) Praxis

c) Bewertung

3. Haushaltsdisziplin

a) Zweck

aa) Maßnahmen von 1984

bb) Beschlüsse von 1988

b) Praxis

c) Bewertung

VI. Reformempfehlungen

Summary

M. Fitzmaurice: Common Market Participation in the Legal Regime of the Baltic Sea Fisheries

I. Introduction

II. Accession of EC to the Gdansk Convention

1. Effect of Introduction of the EC Common Fisheries Policy

2. Summary of the Provision of the EC Fisheries Policy

3. Accession of the EC to the Gdansk Convention

III. Recommendations of the IBSFC

1. The Veto Procedure

2. The Opting-Out Procedure

IV. Conservation Measures Since Amendment of the Gdansk Convention

1. 1984 Fisheries Rules

2. The Rôle of the ICES

3. The Effectiveness of the IBSFC

V. Exclusive Economic Zones

1. Introduction of EEZ by USSR

2. Legal Rights over Fishing in the EEZ

3. Regulations of Fisheries in the EEZ of the USSR

VI. Fisheries and Delimitation Agreements between Baltic States

1. Introductory

2. The New Delimitation Agreements

3. Fisheries Agreements with the EC Generally

4. Fishing Agreements between Sweden and the EC

VII. Conclusions

Federico Durân Lopez: The Harmonisation of the Labour Systems of the Member States of the E.E.C. in the Perspective of European Unity

I. The Treaty of Rome and Social Objectives

II. The Single Act and the Demands, in Social Areas, for European Unity

III. The Harmonisation of Labour Regulations in the Internal Market

Ruth Nielsen: The Contract of Employment in the Member States of the European Communities and in Community Law

I. Introduction

II. National Differences, a Comparative Analysis

1. The Concept of the Contract of Employment

2. Consent, Object, Cause and Consideration in Contract Law

3. Defining Elements of the Contract of Employment: Subordination

4. Subjective Scope of the Contract of Employment and the Employment Relationship

III. Freedom of Contract

1. The General Principle

2. Atypical Employment Contracts

a) Fixed Term Contracts

b) Temporary Work Contracts

c) Part-Time Employment Contracts

3. Form and Proof of the Contract of Employment

4. Recruitment Procedures and Worker Participation

5. Written form and Language requirements

a) Continental European Countries

b) Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom

IV. Written Particulars

V. Community Law

1. Stages in the Development of Community Law

2. Why is the Law on the Contract of Employment of Interest to the Community?

a) Distortion of Competition

b) Free Movement

c) Improvement of Working Conditions

3. Is the Contract of Employment Covered by Existing Community Legislation?

4. Current Proposals

Erika Szyszczak: L'Espace Sociale Européenne: Reality, Dreams, or Nightmares?

I. Introduction

II. Legal and Political Problems With the Social Charter

III. The Impact of the Equal Treatment Programme

1. The Development of the Equal Treatment Programme

2. The Impact of the Equal Treatment Programme in the United Kingdom

3. Enforcement of Community Rights

IV. Direct Effect and Supremacy of Community Law

V. Towards a More Effective Enforcement of Community Social Rights?

VI. Conclusion

Rüdiger Wolfrum: Purposes and Principles of International Environmental Law

I. Introduction

II. The Elements of International Law Concerning the Protection of the Environment

1. Prohibition of Transfrontier Damage to Components of the Environment

2. Use and Protection of Commonly Shared Natural Resources

3. The Utilization and Protection of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

4. Environmental Problems of Global Relevance

Wolfgang Spröte: Negotiations on a United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations

I. Introduction

II. The Background of the Negotiations on the Code of Conduct

1. The Developments in the Early Seventies

2. Thirteen Years of Negotiations on the Code of Conduct

III. The Structure and the Main Provisions of the Latest Draft Code of Conduct

IV. Main Outstanding Issues and Chances for Their Resolution

Uwe Jenisch: Die Ostsee als Wirtschafts- und Lebensraum Wirtschaft, Umweltschutz, Seerecht

I. Geopolitische und wirtschaftliche Fakten

II. Auswirkungen des neuen Internationalen Seerechts

1. Küstenmeergrenzen

2. Meerengen

3. Sonder status für die Ostsee?

4. Fischereizonen, Festlandsockel- und Wirtschaftszonen

5. Seegrenzprobleme

a) Dänemark / Schweden

b) Gotland-Problem

c) Bornholm-Problem

d) Oderbucht

e) Offene Seegrenzprobleme

III. Fischereizusammenarbeit / Danziger Übereinkommen

IV. Umweltschutz/Helsinki-Übereinkommen

Summary

Jagdeep S. Bhandari: International Debt Litigation in United States Courts

I. Introduction

II. Types of Cases

1. Loan Transactions

2. Eurodollar Transactions

3. Expropriation Cases

III. Defenses of Debtors

1. Sovereign Immunity

a) Who May Plead the Defense

b) When the Defense May Be Successfully Asserted

aa) The Waiver Exception (28 USC § 1605 (a) (1))

bb) The Expropriation Exception

cc) The Commercial Activity Exception

2. Comity

3. Forum Non Conveniens

a) The Nature of the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine

b) Obtaining a Forum Non Conveniens Dismissal

4. Sovereign Compulsion

5. Article VIII 2(b)

6. Act of State

a) The Bernstein Exception

b) The Hickenlooper Amendment

c) Counterclaim Exception

d) The Treaty Exception

e) The Territorial Exception: Situs Rules

f) The Commercial Activity Exception

7. Other Defenses: Force Majeure, Supervening Illegality, Legal Impossibility

IV. Executive and Judicial Participation

V. Conclusion

NOTES AND COMMENTS

Michael Bothe: International Regulation of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste

I. Introduction

II. A Brief History of Attempts made to deal with the Problem of Transboundary Movement of Waste

III. The Basic Obligations according to the Basel Convention

IV. The Scope of Application of the Basel Convention Régime

1. Definitions

2. Nuclear Waste

V. Additional and Collateral Measures

1. The Prevention of Illegal Traffic

2. Reduction of the Generation of Waste

3. Adequate Treatment and Disposal

4. The Principle of Subsidiarity

5. Transparency

VI. The Problem of Responsibility

VII. Conclusion

César Sepulveda: Methods and Procedures for the Creation of Legal Norms in the International System of States: An Inquiry into the Progressive Development of International Law in the Present Era

I. Preliminary Observations

II. Characteristics of International Law in Our Time

III. „Traditional“ Sources and Modern Processes for the Formation of International Juridical Rules

IV. The Relationship Between International Politics and International Law

V. Parliamentary Diplomacy in the Formation Process of International Legal Norms

VI. The Quasi-Legislative Function of the General Assembly and Other Organs of the United Nations

VII. The Resolutions of the Ad-Hoc Conferences as Processes for the Creation of Norms of International Law

VIII. The Codifying Function of the United Nations' International Law Commission

REPORT

Carsten Krage: Die Tätigkeit des Nordischen Rates im Jahre 1989

I. Die ordentliche Jahrestagung

1. Die Generaldebatte

2. Die Fachausschüsse

a) Der Wirtschaftsausschuß

b) Der Sozial- und Umweltausschuß

c) Der Kommunikationsausschuß

d) Der Rechtsausschuß

e) Der Kulturausschuß

f) Der Haushalts- und Kontrollausschuß

II. Die außerordentliche Sitzung

III. Sonstige Ereignisse

Summary

Book Reviews

Books Received

List of Contributors