Hot Spot Pollutants - Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Part I: Editorial

Chapter 1. Hot Spot Pollutants: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Text

References

Part II: Occurrence and Fate

Chapter 2. Occurrence, Fate, and Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment: An Extended Review of Recent Research Data

I. Introduction and Background

II. Occurrence of PhACs in Sewage, Surface, Ground, and Drinking Water

III. Conclusions

References

Chapter 3. The Sorption and Transport of a Sulphonamide Antibiotic in Soil Systems

I. Introduction

II. Methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 4. Concentrations of the UV Filter Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate in the Aquatic Compartment: A Comparison of Modeled Concentrations for Swiss Surface Waters with Empirical Monitoring Data

I. Introduction

II. Methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

References

Chapter 5. Exposure Simulation for Pharmaceuticals in European Surface Waters with GREAT-ER

I. Introduction

II. GREAT-ER System Description

III. Output of GREAT-ER

IV. Methods

V. Results and Discussion

VI. Conclusions

References

Chapter 6. Indirect Human Exposure to Pharmaceuticals via Drinking Water

I. Introduction

II. Methodology

III. Results

IV. Discussion

V. Conclusions

References

Part III: Effects

Chapter 7. Morphological Sex Reversal Upon Short-Term Exposure to Endocrine Modulators in Juvenile Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

I. Introduction

II. Materials and Methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

References

Chapter 8. Determination of Vitellogenin Kinetics in Male Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas)

I. Introduction

II. Materials and Methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

References

Chapter 9. Integrated In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Endocrine Disrupters in Invertebrates

I. Introduction

II. Invertebrate Diversity

III. Ecotoxicity Testing with Crustaceans and Insects

IV. Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Chapter 10. How Can Toxic Effects of Pollution of the Aquatic Environment on the Immunocompetence of Fishes Be Detected? A Discussion on the Relevance of the Biomarkers Philosophy ¨

I. Introduction

II. Evaluation of Natural Resistance or Immunity Against Bacterial and Viral Infection

III. Activation of Leukocytes and Leukocyte Subpopulations

IV. Phagocytosis

V. Respiratory Burst

VI. Antibody Secretion

VII. Specific Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

VIII. Gene Array

IX. Discussion

References

Chapter 11. Aquatic Ecotoxicology of Fluoxetine: A Review of Recent Research

I. Introduction

II. Fluoxetine Exposure and Detection in Surface Waters

III. Single Species Toxicity Test Organism Responses to Fluoxetine

IV. Medaka Reproduction and Endocrine Function Responses to Fluoxetine

V. Fluoxetine Effects: Community Responses to Fluoxetine, Ibuprofen, and Ciprofloxacin Mixtures

VI. Ecological Risk Characterization for Fluoxetine

VII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 12. Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Pharmaceuticals Including the Assessment of Combination Effects

I. Introduction

II. Methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

V. Conclusions

References

Part IV: Principal Considerations

Chapter 13. Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical Drug Substances„Conceptual Considerations

I. Introduction

II. Available Relevant Pharmacological, Pharmacodynamic, and Toxicological Information

III. Use of Pharmacodynamic Information from Mammalian Species in Ecotoxicological Test Strategies

IV. Use of Pharmacological and Toxicological Information from Mammalian Species in Ecotoxicological Test Strategies

V. Use of Pharmacokinetic Information in Ecotoxicological Test Strategies

VI. Criteria for the Development of an Ecotoxicological Test Strategy

VII. Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Chapter 14. Pharmacodynamic Activity of Drugs and Ecotoxicology„Can the Two Be Connected?

I. Introduction

II. Problem Statement

III. Mammalian Pharmacodynamics and Ecospecies

IV. Ecotoxicology vs. Mammalian (Human) Toxicology

V. Conclusion

References

Chapter 15. Proposed Development of Sediment Quality Guidelines Under the European Water Framework Directive. A Critique

I. Introduction

II. Water Framework Directive

III. Outstanding Questions on European Union Sediment EQSs

IV. Conclusions

References

Part V: Risk Assessment

Chapter 16. Prioritization of Veterinary Medicines in the UK Environment

I. Introduction

II. Prioritization Approach

III. Results

IV. Discussion

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 17. European Medicines and Feed Additives Regulation Are Not in Compliance With Environmental Legislation and Policy

I. Introduction

II. EU Environmental Legislation and the Relation to Product Registration

III. Product Registration and the Relation with EU Environmental Policy and Laws

IV. Product Directives on Medicines and the Environmental Assessment

V. The Development of the ERA for Veterinary Medicinal Products in Europe

VI. Contents of the ERA for Veterinary Medicines

VII. Implementation of the ERA

VIII. Discussion and Conclusions

References

Chapter 18. Environmental Risk Assessment of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the EU: Reply to Montforts and de Knecht

I. Introduction

II. Marketing Authorization for VMPs in the European Union

III. The VICH Process

IV. VICH Phase I Guidance on Ecotoxicity

V. VICH Phase II Guidance

VI. Conclusions

References

Chapter 19. Environmental Risk Assessment for New Human Pharmaceuticals in the European Union According to the 2003 Draft Guideline

I. Introduction

II. General Principles of the 2003 Human Pharmaceuticals ERA Draft Guideline

III. Discussion

References

Index