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The Pituitary - Pituitary
von: Shlomo Melmed
Elsevier Reference Monographs, 2010
ISBN: 9780123809278 , 745 Seiten
3. Auflage
Format: PDF, ePUB, OL
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 149,00 EUR
Front Cover
1
The Pituitary
4
Copyright
5
Dedication
6
Contents
8
Contributors
10
Preface
12
Section I - Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function
14
Chapter 1 Pituitary Development
16
The Pituitary Gland
16
Formation of Rathke’s Pouch
16
Glandular or Endocrine Gland Development
18
Signals Controlling Pituitary Development
18
Progenitors and Stem Cells
20
Cell Differentiation
20
Pituitary Cell Cycle Control
22
Postnatal Development
23
Corticotropes
23
Melanotropes
24
Gonadotropes
24
Somatotropes
25
Lactotrope Differentiation
25
Thyrotropes
26
Perspectives
26
References
27
Chapter 2 Hypothalamic Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Function
34
Anatomy and Histology of the Hypothalamic-pituitary Unit
35
Hypothalamic Factors Regulating Pituitary Function
38
Summary
54
References
54
Chapter 3 Adrenocorticotropin
60
Cells of Origin
60
Molecular Embryology
61
Localization of non-ACTH Peptides Within Corticotrophs
62
Extrapituitary Localization of Acth and Related Peptides
63
Gene Structure
63
Gene Regulation
65
POMC Biosynthesis and Processing
66
Hormone Measurement
69
Secretion of ACTH: Physiology
81
HPA-axis–immune Interactions
85
References
88
Chapter 4 Growth Hormone
96
Growth Hormone (GH) Gene Structure
96
Control of GH Secretion
98
Hypothalamic Hormones
100
GH and Metabolism
108
Tests of GH Secretion
109
Clinical use of GH (Table 4.4)
113
References
122
Chapter 5 Prolactin
132
Historical Overview
132
Cell of origin
132
Prolactin Gene
133
Hormone Biosynthesis
138
Hormone Secretion: Biochemistry
140
Neuroendocrine Regulation
144
Prolactin Action
149
Pathologic states of prolactin secretion
159
References
163
Chapter 6 Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
180
Introduction
180
Ontogeny of Thyrotrope Cells
180
TSH Subunit Genes
182
Biosynthesis of TSH
185
Regulation of TSH Biosynthesis
188
TSH Secretion
192
Regulation of TSH Secretion
194
Action of TSH
196
TSH Measurements
200
Disorders of TSH Production
202
References
205
Chapter 7 Gonadotropin Hormones
218
Introduction
218
Development, Embryology and Histology
218
Biochemical Structure and Molecular Biology of LH and FSH
221
Ontogeny and Physiology of LH and FSH Secretion
225
Biologic Functions of LH and FSH
229
Assay Systems for the Measurement of Gonadotropins
232
Hypothalamic Regulation of LH and FSH Secretion
234
Feedback Regulation of LH and FSH Secretion
240
Molecular Biology of LH and FSH Subunit Genes
245
Diagnostic Tests
249
Clinical Disorders Affecting the Gonadotrope
250
Treatment of Hypogonadotropic Disorders
260
References
264
Chapter 8 The Posterior Pituitary
274
Structure of the Neurohypophysis: Anatomy and Electrophysiology of Vasopressin-producing Cells
274
The Vasopressin and Oxytocin Genes
275
Chemistry, Processing and Metabolism of AVP
278
Central Nervous System Mediators of Vasopressin and Oxytocin Release
279
Control of AVP Secretion
280
Vasopressin Receptors and Antagonists
285
Cellular Actions of Vasopressin
286
Quantitating Renal Water Excretion
288
Clinical Characteristics of Diabetes Insipidus Disorders
288
Investigation of a Patient With Polyuria
295
Radioimmunoassay of AVP and Other Laboratory Determinations
298
Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of the Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
300
Signs, Symptoms and Treatment of Hyponatremia
302
References
303
Section II - Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorders
314
Chapter 9 The Hypothalamus
316
Anatomy
316
Hypothalamic Functions
316
Pathophysiological Principles
320
Manifestations of Hypothalamic Disease
323
Neurogenic (Cushing's) Ulcers
331
Disordered Control of Anterior–pituitary Function
332
Specific Hypothalamic Disorders
336
References
348
Chapter 10 Anterior Pituitary Failure
356
Introduction
356
Etiology
356
Mortality
356
Structural Causes of Pituitary Failure
356
Functional Causes of Pituitary Failure
364
Clinical Manifestations
366
Diagnostic Testing
370
Treatment of Hypopituitarism
380
References
386
Chapter 11 Pituitary Function in Systemic Disorders
396
Introduction
396
Disorders Directly Affecting the Pituitary
396
General Effects of Systemic Illness on Pituitary Function
399
Pituitary Alterations in Specific Systemic Disorders
400
References
403
Chapter 12 The Pituitary Gland in Pregnancy and the Puerperium
410
Normal Pregnancy
410
Hormone Secretion
410
Sheehan’s Syndrome
415
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis
416
Prolactinoma
417
Cushing’s Syndrome
417
Acromegaly
418
Tsh-Secreting Tumors
419
Posterior Pituitary Disorders
419
References
420
Chapter 13 Drugs and Pituitary Function
426
Introduction
426
Alcoholic Beverages
426
Smoking
428
Opiates and Opiate Antagonists
429
Cocaine
430
Amphetamines and Methylphenidate
430
Caffeine
430
Benzodiazepines
430
Antidepressants
431
Lithium
431
Antipsychotic Drugs
431
DA Agonists
432
Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists
432
Antihypertensives
432
Antihistamines
433
Antineoplastic Chemotherapy
433
Estrogens
433
Estrogen Receptor Antagonists and Aromatase Inhibitors
433
Androgens
433
Antiandrogens
434
Glucocorticoids
434
Miscellaneous Drugs
434
References
434
Section III -Pituitary Tumors
444
Chapter 14 Acromegaly
446
Introduction
446
Pathogenesis
447
Extrapituitary Acromegaly
451
Clinical Features of Acromegaly
454
Diagnosis
462
Treatment of Acromegaly
465
References
477
Chapter 15 Prolactinoma
488
Introduction
488
Pathogenesis
490
Clinical Manifestations
500
Diagnosis
502
Treatment
502
Pregnancy in Women With Prolactinomas
520
Other Special Situations
523
References
526
Chapter 16 Cushing's disease
546
Pathophysiology
546
Epidemiology
546
Chronic ACTH and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptide oversecretion by the pituitary
547
Effects of chronic ACTH and POMC peptide oversecretion
560
Pathology of the adrenal in Cushing's disease
562
Other causes of Cushing's syndrome
563
Clinical features
566
Description of the condition
566
Diagnosis of Cushing's disease
568
Diagnostic procedures
572
Hormonal evaluation
572
Imaging techniques
583
Pitfalls in diagnosis
585
Strategy
591
Treatment
592
Pituitary-directed therapies
593
Adrenal-directed therapies
598
Nelson's syndrome
602
Strategy
604
Perspectives
605
References
605
Chapter 17 Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Tumors
632
Pathogenesis
632
Pathology
635
Clinical Features
635
Diagnosis
637
Differential Diagnosis
640
Treatment
642
Criteria of Cure and Follow-up
644
Conclusions
644
References
644
Chapter 18 Gonadotroph Adenomas
650
Pathophysiology
650
Pathology
652
Etiology
654
Clinical Presentation
655
Diagnosis
657
Treatment
659
References
663
Chapter 19 Nonpituitary Tumors of the Sellar Region
668
Ectopias
668
Hamartomas
669
Cysts
669
Tumors
671
Hematological Proliferations
679
Metastases
679
Postradiotherapy Tumors
681
Miscellaneous Lesions
681
References
682
Section IV - Pituitary Procedures
688
Chapter 20 Pituitary Imaging
690
History of Pituitary Imaging
690
Plain Films and Tomograms
691
Angiography
691
CT
691
MRI: Technique and Anatomy
694
Pituitary Size and Shape
697
Microadenomas
699
Macroadenomas
701
Posterior Pituitary
704
Other Intrasellar/Suprasellar Masses
705
Empty Sella
711
References
712
Chapter 21 Pituitary Surgery
716
Historical Overview
716
Diagnostic Evaluation
717
Surgical and Functional Anatomy
718
Surgical Techniques
718
Transsphenoidal Approach
719
Transcranial Pterional Approach
719
Complications
720
Further Treatment
720
Pituitary Tumors
721
Evolving Technologies
729
References
730
Index
734
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