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Ecotoxicological Diagnosis in the Tanning Industry
von: Mwinyikione Mwinyihija
Springer-Verlag, 2010
ISBN: 9781441962669 , 140 Seiten
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 96,29 EUR
Chapter 1: Introduction
17
1.1 Tanning Industry Perspective
17
1.2 Socio-Economic Importance of the Tanning Industry
18
1.3 Environmental Threats
18
1.4 Critical Pollutants Identified
18
1.5 Ecotoxicology and Diagnostic Trends
19
1.6 Bioavailabilty, Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
21
1.7 Biochemical Assays for Diagnostic Purposes
22
1.7.1 Biosensors
22
1.8 Measurement of Biomass Activity
25
1.8.1 Dehydrogenase
25
1.8.2 Mode of Action for DHA
26
1.8.3 Application of the DHA Test
27
1.8.4 Limitation in Using DHA Test
27
1.8.5 Addressing the Limitations of DHA Test
27
1.9 Daphnia Test
28
1.10 Organisation of the Book
28
References
28
Chapter 2: Main Pollutants and Environmental Impacts of the Tanning Industry
32
2.1 Introduction
32
2.2 Soaking
34
2.3 Liming
35
2.4 De-liming, Bating and Pickling
36
2.5 Chrome Tanning
36
2.6 NaCl2
37
2.7 Organic Matter
37
2.8 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
37
2.9 Chromium Salts
38
2.9.1 Chemistry of Chromium
38
2.9.2 Trivalent Chromium (Cr3+)
38
2.9.3 Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+)
40
2.10 Chromium in the Environment
40
2.10.1 Water Systems
40
2.10.2 Soil Systems
41
2.10.3 Atmospheric Systems
42
2.10.4 Chromium Pathways in the Environment
43
2.11 Microorganisms and Plants
43
2.12 Chlorinated Phenols
44
2.12.1 Behaviour of Chlorophenols on Soils and Water
45
References
46
Chapter 3: Ecotoxicological Techniques and Assessment of Environmental Samples
51
3.1 Introduction
51
3.2 Toxicity Dissection
54
3.2.1 Sparging
54
3.2.2 Activated Charcoal Treatment
55
3.2.3 Filtration
55
3.2.4 pH Adjustment
55
3.3 Toxicity Testing Using Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607
55
3.3.1 Resuscitation of Freeze Dried Cultures
62
3.3.2 Sample Addition and Luminometry Measurements
63
3.3.3 Data Analysis
63
3.4 Dehydrogenase Assay
63
3.4.1 Data Analysis
67
3.5 Daphnia Test
67
3.5.1 Invertebrate Trophic Level (Daphnia Magna)
70
3.6 Chemical Analysis
70
3.6.1 Sample Digestion (Sediments and Dust Samples)
70
3.6.2 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)/Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Determination
70
3.6.2.1 Effect of BOD/COD
71
3.6.3 Sulphate and Chloride Determination
72
3.6.4 Total Phenols
72
References
73
Chapter 4: Occupational Risk in the Tanning Industry
77
4.1 Introduction
77
4.2 Kinetic Phase
78
4.3 Dynamic Phase
79
4.4 Techniques Used in Determining Risks and Hazards
82
4.5 Characterisation of Tannery Dust and Image Analysis
82
4.6 Rapid and Efficient Technique to Characterise Hazards from Dusts
82
4.6.1 Dust Sampling Technique
82
4.6.2 Image Analysis
84
4.6.3 Data Analysis
84
4.6.4 Estimating the Concentration of Dust in the Tannery Air Environment
89
4.7 Screening of Tannery Dust Using a Luminescent Based Bacterial Biosensor
90
4.7.1 Solid Phase Ecotoxicity Testing
92
4.7.2 Liquid Phase (Aqueous) Ecotoxicity Testing
94
References
101
Chapter 5: Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA)of a Tanning Industry
105
5.1 Introduction
105
5.2 Categories of Hazardous Waste
107
5.3 Ecological Risk Assessment
107
5.4 Bioassays and Chemical Analysis in Context of ERA
109
5.4.1 Toxicity Test
109
5.4.2 Evaluation of Biomass Activity in Sediments
110
5.5 Weight of Evidence in Ecological Risk Assessment
111
5.6 Risk Questions
111
5.7 Objectives
112
5.8 Methodology
112
5.8.1 Assessment and Measurement End-Points
112
5.8.2 Bioassays
114
5.8.3 Sample Addition and Luminometry Measurements
114
5.8.4 Daphnia Test
114
5.8.5 Dehydrogenase Activity Test
114
5.8.6 Chemical Analysis
114
5.8.7 Data Analysis
114
5.9 Risk Assessment and Identification
115
5.9.1 Hazard Identification and Problem Formulation
115
5.9.2 Effluent Production
117
5.9.3 Effluent Composition and Resulting Stressor Characteristics
119
5.10 Exposure Assessment
122
5.10.1 End-Points and Conceptual Model
122
5.11 Ecological Effects/Toxicity Assessments
126
5.11.1 Contamination Levels for Identified Pollutants
126
5.12 Ecological Risk Characterisation
127
5.13 Ecological Risk Mitigation
128
5.13.1 Mitigation Strategies
129
5.13.2 Mitigation Calculation
129
5.13.3 Achieving the Targets Towards Mitigation Strategies
132
5.14 Conclusion
133
References
134
Chapter 6: General Discussion
138
6.1 Introduction
138
6.2 Suggestion for Future Work
143
References
145
Further Reading
147
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