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Energy Efficiency - Real Time Energy Infrastructure Investment and Risk Management
von: Leslie A. Solmes
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9789048133215 , 212 Seiten
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 149,79 EUR
Contents
6
About the Author
12
Acknowledgments
13
Introduction
14
1 Mystery
14
2 Intent
14
3 Book Structure
16
Part I: Setting the Stage
18
1 The Most Reliable Energy at the Lowest Unit Cost
19
1.1 A Beginning – 1978
19
1.2 Energy Principles
20
1.2.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
20
1.2.2 Resource Scarcity
21
1.2.3 Integrated Energy Supply Systems
22
1.3 The 1978 National Energy Policy
23
1.4 Our Goal Is…
23
2 The Opportunity
25
2.1 Aged Infrastructure
25
2.2 Information Technology
27
2.3 Opposing Business Goals
28
2.4 Uncertainty
28
2.5 The Age Advantage
29
3 Energy Supply Systems
30
3.1 Components of Traditional Energy Supply Systems
30
3.2 Definition of Energy Supply Systems and Ownership
32
3.2.1 Electricity System
32
3.2.2 Customer Systems
34
3.3 Decentralization
36
3.4 Efficient Electrical Infrastructure Development
36
3.5 Discouraging Supply-Side Efficiency
37
3.6 The High Costs of Peak Demand
38
3.7 Back to the Future
40
4 Funding Problems
41
4.1 Piecemeal Approach
41
4.2 No Money!
42
4.3 Financial Burden or Investment Opportunity
43
4.4 Summary
44
Part II: A Different Way of Doing Business
45
5 Energy Supply Investment Planning Methodology
46
5.1 Trust and Collaboration
46
5.2 Basic Business Planning
48
5.3 Where to Start the Planning Process
49
5.4 Building Blocks
49
5.5 OA Methodology
50
5.6 The Baseline – Steps 1 and 2
51
5.6.1 General Facility Description
51
5.6.2 Business Goals
52
5.6.3 Facility Budget
53
5.6.4 Growth and Escalation Rates
54
5.6.5 Tax Information
55
5.7 Step 2 – Baseline Energy Use, Costs, and Equipment
56
5.7.1 Baseline Energy Usage, Demand, and Costs
57
5.7.2 Equipment Specifications and O&M Costs
60
5.8 The Baseline Results
64
5.8.1 What Will Happen If No Investments Are Made in the Facility?
65
6 The Real Investment Opportunity
67
6.1 Case Studies
67
6.1.1 Navy Utilities Privatization
67
6.1.2 The University of Maryland, College Park Funding Goal
69
6.2 Step 3 – Energy Supply System Technical Proposal
71
6.2.1 Demand-Side Energy Efficiency Measures and Adjusted Baseline
71
6.2.2 Production and Distribution System Solutions
73
6.2.3 Illinois State University Investment Scope
74
6.3 Step 4 – Project Financing, Ownership and Implementation Options
74
6.3.1 Construction Information
75
6.3.2 Long Term Debt
75
6.3.3 Long Term Debt Payment
76
6.3.4 Depreciation
77
6.4 Step 5 – The Energy Infrastructure System Investment Plan Reports
77
6.4.1 Executive Summary
77
6.4.2 Proforma and Operational Calculations (Solmes 2008)
80
6.5 Energy Supplier Opportunity – The University of Iowa
81
6.5.1 Customer and Energy Supplier Benefits
88
7 A “Living” Business Plan
89
7.1 Information and Communication
89
7.2 Web-Based Financial Modeling Software
91
7.3 Energy Information and Management System Business and Functional Goals
92
7.4 Information Cost Control
95
7.5 The Bigger Picture
97
7.6 Integration with the Local Utility
97
7.7 Summary
98
8 Profits from Value-Added
100
8.1 Change
100
8.2 The University of Southern California
101
8.2.1 The Energy Investor’s Proposal
101
8.2.2 Lowest Cost Investment Strategy
101
8.2.3 Lower Implementation and Capital Costs
104
8.2.4 Reduced Business Risk
105
8.2.5 Improved Financial Control and Reporting
105
8.2.6 Financing Strategy
106
8.2.7 Supplier Profits
107
8.2.8 What Happened at USC
107
8.3 The University of New Mexico
107
8.3.1 The Problems
107
8.3.2 Manifestations of UNM’s Problems
108
8.3.3 A Gold Mine of Opportunity
109
8.3.4 Addendum – Public Service of New Mexico (PNM)
109
8.4 Utility Investment Incentives
110
8.4.1 Calpine – Opportunity Missed?
110
8.4.2 The First Rule of Financing
110
8.4.3 A Cascade of Load Reduction and Elimination of Spikes
111
8.4.4 Maximizing Supplier and Customer Energy Supply Systems
111
8.5 Information Technology – Again!
112
8.6 How Do Electricity Suppliers Make Money?
112
8.7 Summary
113
Part III: Fear of the Unknown
114
9 Risk Assessment
115
9.1 Investment Plan Assumptions
115
9.2 Areas of Risk
116
9.3 Risk Mitigation
116
9.3.1 Project Revenues
117
9.3.2 EPC Contracts
117
9.3.3 Operations and Maintenance Contracts
118
9.3.4 Primary Fuel Costs
119
9.3.5 Supplemental, Maintenance, and Standby Power
119
9.3.6 Financing Costs and Off-Balance Sheet
119
9.3.7 Environmental Permitting
120
9.3.8 The Uncertainty of Policies and Regulations
120
9.4 Sensitivity Analysis
121
9.5 The Importance of Timely Information and Communication
122
9.6 Request for Proposal
124
10 Energy Service Companies
126
10.1 Demand-Side
127
10.2 Supply-Side
128
10.3 Barriers to Implementation
128
10.3.1 Market Inertia
128
10.3.2 Transaction Complexity
129
10.3.3 Changing Horses Mid-Stream
129
10.3.4 Communication of Financial Parameters
129
10.3.5 Limited Staffing and Technology
130
10.3.6 The Importance of Applied Training
130
10.4 Data Collection – A Policy Priority
131
10.5 Progress
132
10.5.1 CHP – EPA Partnership
132
10.5.2 International District Energy Association
132
10.6 Implementation
133
10.6.1 One Step at a Time
133
10.6.2 Levels of Granularity
134
10.6.3 Comparing Investment Options
135
11 Performance-Based Investment Financing
137
11.1 Rebuild America
137
11.2 Energy Performance Metrics
138
11.3 Project Financing
140
11.4 University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)
141
11.5 The Serious Cost of Unreliable Infrastructure
142
11.6 The Maryland Economic Development Corporation
142
11.7 The World Bank
143
11.8 Guidebooks
144
11.9 Better Than the Stock Market
145
11.9.1 National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation
146
11.9.2 FARECal
146
12 The Advancement of Energy Efficiency
148
12.1 Status of Electricity Supply Systems
149
12.1.1 The Electric Power Research Institute
149
12.1.2 Other Points of View
150
12.2 Barriers and Incentives
151
12.2.1 Implementation of Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA)
151
12.2.2 EPA CHP Partnership
153
12.2.3 2005 Energy Policy Act
153
12.2.4 Standard Interconnection Agreements and Procedures for Small Generators
154
12.2.5 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
154
12.3 What Will Be the Cost of Electricity?
155
12.3.1 National Energy Policy Initiative Expert Group Report
156
12.3.2 The Potential Benefits of Distributed Generation (DG) and Rate-Related Issues That May Impede Its Expansion
159
12.3.3 US Clean Heat and Energy Association (USCHPA)
160
12.4 The Electric Utilities
160
12.5 Answer – Opportunity Assessment and Opassess
162
12.6 The Value of Emissions Reductions, Waste Disposal, and Subsidies
164
13 Leadership
166
13.1 Combining Casten and Friedman
166
13.2 Work Flow Software and Internet Application
167
13.3 Fundamental Currency of Capital Markets
169
14 Commitment to Resource Efficiency
172
14.1 Energy Efficiency
173
14.2 Energy Infrastructure
174
14.3 Investment
174
14.3.1 Comparing Options
174
14.3.2 Who Pays?
175
14.4 Real Time
175
14.5 Risk Management
176
14.5.1 The ‘Smart’ Grid
176
14.5.2 Alternative Energy Investments
177
14.6 Recommendations for a New Energy Information Age
178
14.6.1 Adopt a Standard Tool
178
14.6.2 Focus on the Full Business Solution
179
14.6.3 Support Stakeholder Communication
179
14.6.4 Reinforce Adoption
181
14.6.5 Automate Consumer Data and Translation
181
14.6.6 Promote Inter-Operable Energy Software Tools
182
14.6.7 Institute Energy Unit Costs Reports
183
14.7 A Student Energy Core
184
14.8 The Larger Energy System
185
14.9 Summary
186
15 A Framework for Working Together
188
15.1 Utility Incentives
189
15.2 A Framework
190
Part IV: Addendum
193
16 Plan of Work: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
194
Households ($9.85 billion)
195
Government Facilities ($26.5 billion)
195
Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy ($13.4 billion)
195
Electric Grid ($21.825 billion)
195
Research, Training, and Administrative ($5 billion)
196
Clean-up ($9.4 billion)
196
16.1 Interpretation of Goals
196
16.2 Some Ground Rules
196
16.3 The Plan of Work
197
One–six months
197
Seventh month
198
Seventh – Twelfth month
199
References
200
List of Abbreviations
202
Index
205
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