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Contents
6
Preface
8
1 Introduction
10
2 Using, designing and plans
23
2.1 Artefacts and actions
24
2.2 Use plans
26
2.3 Planning in use
30
2.4 Designing plans
34
2.5 Designing products
42
2.6 Standards for use plans
45
2.7 Evaluating artefact use and design
49
3 Function theories
53
3.1 Function theories for technical artefacts
54
3.2 The intentional function theory
58
3.3 Cummins' causal-role theory of functions
65
3.4 The evolutionist function theory
68
3.5 Combining the basic theories
74
4 The ICE-function theory
85
4.1 A use-plan approach towards functions
86
4.2 Function ascriptions
92
4.3 Assessing the function ascriptions
98
4.4 Functional roles
102
5 Malfunctioning
109
5.1 The phenomenon of artefact malfunctioning
110
5.2 Having capacities versus exercising them
114
5.3 Artefact normativity
118
6 Engineering, science and biology
125
6.1 Plan-less function ascriptions
126
6.2 Engineering
129
6.3 Physics and chemistry
134
6.4 Biology
136
6.5 A biological and generalised ICE-theory
139
7 The nature of artefacts
145
7.1 Functions as conceptual drawbridges
146
7.2 Against function essentialism
149
7.3 Plan relativism
156
7.4 Useful and man-made materials
163
Bibliography
169
Index
179
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