Suchen und Finden
Preface
6
Acknowledgments
8
Table of Contents
9
UNIT I
17
Introduction
18
Your First Exercise in English for Biomedical Scientists
19
Structure of the Book
21
UNIT II
23
Tenses
24
Modal Ve
35
Conditionals
40
Passive Voice
44
Reported Speech
47
Questions
50
Infinitive/-Ing
52
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
56
Articles: A/An and The
57
Word Order
59
Relative Clauses
60
Adjectives
63
Prepositions
69
Ellipsis
72
Unit III Usual Mistakes Made by Scientists Speaking and Writing in English
74
Misnomers and False Friends
74
Common Grammatical Mistakes
75
Common Spelling Mistakes
78
Common Pronunciation Mistakes
79
Unit IV Writing a Manuscript
84
Preliminary Work
85
Article Header
86
Title
86
Abstract
86
Objective
86
Materials and Methods
87
Results
88
Conclusion
88
Keywords
89
Main Text
89
Introduction
89
Materials and Methods
90
Statistics
92
Results
93
Discussion
94
Acknowledgments
94
References
95
Articles in Journals
96
Standard Journal Article
96
Organization as Author
96
No Author Given
96
Article Not In English
97
Volume with Supplement
97
Issue with Supplement
97
Volume with Part
97
Issue with Part
97
Issue with No Volume
97
No Issue or Volume
97
Pages in Roman Numerals
97
Type of Article Indicated as Needed
98
Article Containing Retraction
98
Article Retracted
98
Article with Published Erratum
98
Books and Other Monographs
98
Personal Author(s)
98
Editor(s), Compiler(s) as Author
98
Organization as Author and Publisher
98
Chapter in a Book
99
Conference Proceedings
99
Conference Paper
99
Scientific or Technical Report
99
Dissertation
99
Patent
99
Other Published Material
100
Newspaper Article
100
Audiovisual Material
100
Dictionary and Similar References
100
Unpublished Material
100
In Press
100
Electronic Material
100
Journal Article in Electronic Format
100
Monograph in Electronic Format
100
Computer File
100
Additional Material
101
Tables
101
Figures
101
Final Tips
102
Unit V
104
Writing Scientific Correspondence
104
Submission Letters
104
Re-submission Letters
106
Re-configuration Letters
107
Letters of Thanks for an Invitation to Publish an Article in a Journal
110
Asking About the Status of a Paper
111
Other Letters
112
Asking for Permission to Use Someone’s Name as a Referee
112
Postponing the Commencement of Duties
113
In Summary
114
Unit VI
116
Attending a Scientific Course or Conference
116
Introduction
116
Travel and Hotel Arrangements
117
Airport
117
Getting to the Airport
117
Checking in
117
Questions a Passenger Might Ask
117
Announcing Changes in an Airline Flight
118
At the Boarding Gate
118
Arrival
118
Complaining About Lost or Damaged Luggage
118
Exchange Office
119
Customs and Immigration Control
119
During the Flight
119
In the Taxi (.US. Cab)
120
Asking Where to Get a Taxi
120
Basic Instructions
134
Concerning Speed in a Taxi
121
Concerning Smoking in a Taxi
121
Asking to Stop and Wait
121
Concerning the Temperature in a Taxi
121
Payment
121
At the Hotel
122
Checking In
122
Preferences
136
The Stay
136
Checking Out
137
Complaints
123
Course Example
124
General Information
124
Language
124
Dress Code
124
Commercial Exhibition
124
Disclosure Statements
124
Faculty
125
Guest Faculty
125
How to Reach …
125
Arrival by plane
125
Arrival by Train
126
Weather
126
Registration
126
Course Planning
127
Unit VI
116
Attending a Scientific Course or Conference
116
Introduction
116
Travel and Hotel Arrangements
117
Airport
117
Getting to the Airport
117
Checking in
117
Questions a Passenger Might Ask
117
Announcing Changes in an Airline Flight
118
At the Boarding Gate
118
Arrival
118
Complaining About Lost or Damaged Luggage
118
Exchange Office
119
Customs and Immigration Control
119
During the Flight
119
In the Taxi (.US. Cab)
120
Asking Where to Get a Taxi
120
Basic Instructions
134
Concerning Speed in a Taxi
121
Concerning Smoking in a Taxi
121
Asking to Stop and Wait
121
Concerning the Temperature in a Taxi
121
Payment
121
At the Hotel
122
Checking In
122
Preferences
136
The Stay
136
Checking Out
137
Complaints
123
Course Example
138
General Information
138
Language
138
Dress Code
138
Commercial Exhibition
138
Disclosure Statements
138
Faculty
139
Guest Faculty
139
How to Reach …
139
Arrival by plane
139
Arrival by Train
140
Weather
140
Registration
140
Course Planning
141
Unit VII Giving Presentations for Biomedical Scientists
144
Know Your Audience
144
Choose a Relevant Main Message
145
Put Together Your Presentation: Structure and Delivery
146
The Dreaded Questions-and-Comments Section
152
Practice, Practice, Practice
157
Unit VIII Chairing a Scientific Discussion
159
Why, then, do we include a section on chairing a session?
159
Usual Chairperson’s Comments
160
Introducing the Session
160
Introducing Speakers
160
Adjourning
161
Finishing the Session
161
Should Chairpersons Ask Questions?
162
What the Chairperson Should Say When Something Is Going Wrong
162
Behind Schedule
162
Ahead of Schedule
163
Technical Problems
163
Computer Not Working
163
Lights Gone Out
163
Sound Gone Off
164
Lecturer Lacks Confidence
164
Specific Scientific Chairperson’s Comments
164
Unit IX Curriculum Vitae, Cover Letters, and Other Professional Letters
167
Professional Correspondence for Biomedical Scientists: General Tips
167
Curriculum Vitae
168
REFERENCES AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST
171
COVER LETTER
172
Anchor 6
174
Anchor 7
167
Unit X Getting Ready for a Job Interview in English
183
You Are More Than Your Level of English
183
You Are More Than Your Résumé
184
Find Out About the Employer and Interviewers
185
You Must Prepare for Your Interview
186
Practice, Practice, Practice…
188
What Else Should You do on the Day of the Interview?
189
The Day After: What to do After Your Interview?
189
Unit XI The Laboratory Environment
196
Commonly Misused or Misunderstood Terms
196
Types of Biomedical Research Laboratories
199
Rooms Within a Large Laboratory
199
Glassware Commonly Found in a Laboratory
200
Commonly Used Laboratory Consumables
200
Commonly Used Laboratory Instruments
203
Commonly Used Laboratory Equipment
204
Unit XII Laboratory Writing
208
Scientific Protocols
208
Lab Notebook Entries
210
General Guidelines for Notebook Keeping
210
Laboratory Reports
213
Reagent Recipes
215
Short Notes
216
XIII Laboratory Safety and Biohazards
218
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
219
Laboratory Safety Equipment
220
Chemical Safety
222
Biological Safety
224
Radiation Safety
225
Safety Quiz
226
Unit XIV Laboratory Animal Work
231
What Is Animal Research?
231
Animal Work Licences
232
Animal Research Facility and Its Staff
233
Space Description
233
Holding Rooms
233
Usage Examples
234
Procedure Rooms
234
Usage Example
235
Service Rooms
235
Record Keeping
235
Permanent Marking to Identify Individual Animals
236
Cage Cards
236
Data Record Form
237
Transgenic Animals
238
Usage Examples
239
Administrative Techniques
239
Usage Examples
240
Signs of Stress and Pain in Animals
240
Classifications of Drugs to Relieve or Control Pain and Stress
241
Usage Examples
241
Humane Methods of Killing
242
Ethical Considerations
242
The “3Rs” Principle
242
Additional Resources
243
Unit XV Latin and Greek Terminology
245
Introduction
245
Plural Rules
247
List of Latin and Greek Terms and Their Plurals
249
A
249
B
250
C
251
D
253
E
254
F
254
G
255
H
256
I
256
J
257
L
257
M
258
N
260
O
261
P
261
Q
264
R
264
S
265
T
267
U
268
V
268
Z
269
Unit XVI Acronyms and Abbreviations
271
Abbreviation .Rules and Style Conventions in English
272
Units of Measurement
287
Unit XVII Conversation Survival Guide
290
Introduction
290
Greetings
291
Presentations
292
Personal Data
292
Courtesy Sentences
293
Speaking in a Foreign Language
293
At the Restaurant
294
Preliminary Exchanges
294
Ordering
294
Complaining
295
The Check (.UK., The Bill)
295
City Transportation
295
Shopping
296
Asking About Store Hours
296
Preliminary Exchanges
296
Buying Clothes/Shoes
297
At the Shoe Shop
298
At the Post Office
298
Going to the Theater (.UK., Theatre)
298
At the Drugstore (.UK., Chemist)
299
At the Cosmetics Counter
299
At the Bookshop/Newsagent’s
300
At the Photography Shop
300
At the Florist
300
Paying
300
At the Hairdresser
301
Men and Women
301
Men
302
Women
302
Cars
302
At the Gas/Petrol Station
302
At the Garage
303
At the Parking Lot (.UK., Car Park)
303
Renting a Car
303
How Can I Get to …?
304
Having a Drink (or Two)
304
On the Phone
305
Emergency Situations
306
In the Bank
306
At the Police Station
306
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