African Landscapes - Interdisciplinary Approaches

Preface

Contents

Contributors

List of Tables

List of Figures

Introduction Visions of Landscapes: An Introduction

1. ETHYMOLOGY

2. PERSPECTIVES ON LANDSCAPES

REFERENCES

Part I Arid Landscapes: Detection and Reconstruction – Perspectives from Earth Sciences and Archaeology

Chapter 1 Landscape in Geography and Landscape Ecology, Landscape Specification, and Classification in Geomorphology

1.1. INTRODUCTION

1.2. LANDSCAPE IN GEOGRAPHY

1.3. ‘LANDSCAPE’ IN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

1.4. SPECIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSCAPES IN GEOMORPHOLOGY

1.5. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 Towards a Reconstruction of Land Use Potential: Case Studies from the Western Desert of Egypt

2.1. INTRODUCTION

2.2. FORMER LAND USE POTENTIAL

2.3. STUDY AREAS

2.4. DATA PREPARATION AND EXPLORATIVE STATISTICS

2.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.6. CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

Chapter 3 Landscape Ecology of Savannas: From Disturbance Regime to Management Strategies

3.1. THE SAVANNA LANDSCAPE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

3.2. SAVANNA LANDSCAPES AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTURBANCE

3.3. HYPOTHESIS OF DISTURBANCE REGIME SIMILARITY

3.4. DISTURBANCE REGIMES IN SAVANNA LANDSCAPES

3.5. DISTURBANCE REGIME IN A DEGRADING LANDSCAPE

3.6. USER-SPECIFIC DISTURBANCE REGIMES

3.7. PASTORAL-NOMADIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

3.8. FARMERS’ MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

3.9. SPACE MATTERS: LESSONS OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE RANGE MANAGEMENT IN SAVANNAS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4 Quantitative Classification of Landscapes in Northern Namibia Using an ASTER Digital Elevation Model

4.1. INTRODUCTION

4.2. THE TERM ‘LANDSCAPE’ AND ITS USE

4.3. STUDY AREA AND UNDERLYING DATA

4.4. METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS

4.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 5 Risks and Resources in an Arid Landscape: An Archaeological Case Study from the Great Sand Sea, Egypt

5.1. INTRODUCTION

5.2. RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST ENVIRONMENT

5.3. ASPECTS OF LAND USE RESPONDING TO THE LANDSCAPE

5.4. DISCUSSION AND OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

Chapter 6 Resources, Use Potential, and Basic Needs: A Methodological Framework for Landscape Archaeology

6.1. INTRODUCTION

6.2. LANDSCAPE-ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY

REFERENCES

Part II State, Power, and Control in Africa’s Arid Landscapes: Perspectives from the Historical Sciences

Chapter 7 The ‘ Landscapes’ of Ancient Egypt: Intellectual Reactions to the Environment of the Lower Nile Valley

7.1. THE GEOGRAPHICAL POINT OF VIEW

7.2. TERMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS

7.3. RIVERINE LANDSCAPE AND DESERT

7.4. SWAMPS

7.5. PICTURES AND DECORATIONS

7.6. LANDSCAPE, MAN, AND GODS

REFERENCES

Chapter 8 A Land of Goshen: Landscape and Kingdom in Nineteenth Century Eastern Owambo ( Namibia)

8.1. READING THE EDGES

8.2. HUNTING AND TRADITIONS OF ORIGIN

8.3. THE ORDERING OF THE LANDSCAPE

8.4. LINEAGES AND LANDSCAPE

8.5. A LAND OF GOSHEN

8.6. PLENITUDE AND SCARCITY

8.7. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 9 From the Old Location to Bishops Hill: The Politics of Urban Planning and Landscape History in Windhoek, Namibia

9.1. INTRODUCTION

9.2. INDEPENDENCE

9.3. WINDHOEK HISTORY

9.4. OLD LOCATION

9.5. URBAN AREAS ACT FORCED REMOVALS

9.6. RUN-UP TO INDEPENDENCE

9.7. POST-INDEPENDENCE

9.8. URBAN MONUMENTS IN A NEW STATE

9.9. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 10 Landscape and Nostalgia: Angolan Refugees in Namibia Remembering Home and Forced Removals

10.1. INTRODUCTION

10.2. STILL IN MANGARANGANDJA

10.3. REMOVALS AND ANGER

10.4. MANGARANGANDJA REMEMBERED

10.5. CONSTRUCTING KAISOSI AND KEHEMU

10.6. REMEMBERING ANGOLA

10.7. PAST AND PRESENT

10.8. THE WAR AND THE END OF INDEPENDENT FARMING

10.9. FINAL REMARKS

INTERVIEWS

REFERENCES

Part III Identity, Memory, and Power in Africa’s Arid Landscapes: Perspectives from Social and Cultural Anthropology

Chapter 11 The Anthropological Study of Landscape

11.1. INTRODUCTION

11.2. BACKGROUND: CHANGING VIEWS OF THE LANDSCAPE

11.3. LANDSCAPES AS TEXTS

11.4. NATURE AND CULTURE: THE ECOLOGY OF LANDSCAPES

11.5. URBAN AND OTHER LANDSCAPES

11.6. MAPPING HISTORY ONTO LANDSCAPES

11.7. PLACE-NAMES, PLACE-MAKING, AND IDENTITIES

11.8. EXPERIENCING AND CREATING LANDSCAPES

11.9. ORIENTATION IN LANDSCAPES

11.10. THE COLONIAL AESTHETICS OF LANDSCAPES

11.11. RESISTANCE, DELOCALISATION, GLOBALISATION: WHAT IS HAPPENING TO LANDSCAPES?

11.12. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 12 Kinship, Ritual, and Landscape Amongst the Himba of Northwest Namibia

12.1. INTRODUCTION

12.2. METHODS

12.3. THE HIMBA

12.4. THE GREAT OKUYAMBERA RITUAL

12.5. DISCUSSION: LANDSCAPE, RITUAL, AND KINSHIP

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 13 The Spectator’s and the Dweller’s Perspectives: Experience and Representation of the Etosha National Park, Namibia

13.1. INTRODUCTION

13.2. TWO JOURNEYS IN ETOSHA

13.3. LANDSCAPE EXPERIENCE AND REPRESENTATION

13.4. CONCLUSION: REFLECTIONS ON TERMINOLOGY

REFERENCES

Chapter 14 Is This a Drought or Is This a Drought and What Is Really Beautiful? Different Conceptualisations of the ! Khuiseb Catchment ( Central Namibia) and Their Consequences

14.1. INTRODUCTION

14.2. METHODS

14.3. THE !KHUISEB CATCHMENT AREA–VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, VARIOUS PEOPLE

14.4. DIFFERENT ATTITUDES OF THE FARMERS AND THE TOPNAAR AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDSCAPE

14.5. CONCEPTUALISATION

14.6. WHAT IS A DROUGHT?

14.7. WHAT IS A BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPE?

14.8. WHO SETTLES WHERE AND WHY?

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 15 Where Settlements and the Landscape Merge: Towards an Integrated Approach to the Spatial Dimension of Social Relations

15.1. INTRODUCTION

15.2. RECONCILING THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF SETTLEMENTS WITH THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF LANDSCAPE

15.3. RECORDING THE PERMEABILITY OF SPACE

15.4. MAPPING PERMEABILITY AS AN ANALYTIC TOOL FOR COMPARISON

15.5. THE MERGING OF LANDSCAPE AND SETTLEMENT

15.6. CONCLUSION: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

REFERENCES

Part IV Language and the Conceptualisation and Epistemics of African Arid Landscapes: Perspectives from Linguistics and Oral History

Chapter 16 Two Ways of Conceptualising Natural Landscapes: A Comparison of the Otjiherero and Rumanyo Word Cultures in Namibia

16.1. INTRODUCTION

16.2. METHODOLOGICAL REMARK

16.3. LINGUISTIC PROPERTIES SHARED BY THE OTJIHERERO AND RUMANYO LANGUAGES

16.4. THE OTJIHERERO SYSTEM OF CONCEPTS ON LANDSCAPE

16.5. THE RUMANYO (GCIRIKU, SHAMBYU) SYSTEM OF CONCEPTS ON LANDSCAPE

16.6. COMPARISON OF THE OTJIHERERO AND RUMANYO CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS ON LANDSCAPE

16.7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 17 Landscape Conceptualisation in Mbukushu: A Cognitive- Linguistic Approach

17.1. INTRODUCTION

17.2. THE SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT OF THE HAMBUKUSHU

17.3. CONCEPTUALISING LANDSCAPE IN MBUKUSHU: UNIVERSAL AND CULTURE- SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES

17.4. SYSTEMS OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION IN MBUKUSHU

17.5. CONCLUSION: UNIVERSAL CONSTRAINTS AND CULTURE- SPECIFIC VARIATION

REFERENCES

Chapter 18 Otjiherero Praises of Places: Collective Memory Embedded in Landscape and the Aesthetic Sense of a Pastoral People

18.1. INTRODUCTION

18.2. METHODS

18.3. PRAISES OF PLACES

18.4. PERFORMANCE AND CONTEXT OF PRAISING

18.5. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Index