A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems - The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial

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table of contents

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Cover

Contents

Acknowledgements

Preface

A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems

Introduction

Practical Logic

First Thoughts on a Practical Logic

A Hierarchy of Agency Types

Peculiarities of Institutional Agents

Normativity

Mathematical Models

Slight-resource Adjustment Strategies

Hasty Generalization

Generic Inference

Natural Kinds

Defaults

Discourse Economies

Consciousness

Practical Logic

Connectionist Logic

Fallacies

Conceptual Models of Abduction

The Structure of Abduction

Introductory Remark on Abduction

The Elementary Structure of Abductive Logic

Expanding the Schema

Frames

Generalizing I P s

Avoiding a Confusion

Locating Abduction on the Logical Map

Abductive Schematics

Consequentialist Abduction

The Good that AKM Does

The Reach of Abduction

Simplicity

The Cut Down Problem

Abduction as Practical

Proof-theoretic Abduction

The Adaptive and the Epistemically Subpar

Knowledge-Sets

Filtration Structures

Hypothesis-Engagement

Grounds of Action

Tasks for an Abductive Logic

Explanationist Abduction

Peirce

Surprise

Testability and Economics

Insight and Trial

Rationality and Diminished Epistemic Virtue

Explanation ism

The Covering Law Model

The Rational Model

Teleological Explanation

The Pluralism of Explanation

Assessing IBE

Characteristicness

Hanson

Darden

Fodor

Adaptive Explanationism

Non-abductive Conjecture

Non-Plausibilistic Abduction

Introductory remark

Newton

Planck

Physical Dependencies

The Superstring Controversy

Russell and Godel

The Consequence Relation

Lakatos

Hintikka

Empirical Progress

Semantic Tableaux

Assessing Semantic Tableau Abduction

Is It Abduction?

Inconsistency Again

Bayesian Inference

Diagnostic Abduction in AI

Explanationist Diagnostics

Difficulties with AP

Another Example

Remarks

Coherentism and Probabilism

The Rivalry of Explanationism and Probabilism

Explanatory Coherence

Probabilistic Networks

Pearl Networks for ECHO

Neuropharmacological Intervention

Mechanizing Abduction

Abduction in Neural-Symbolic Networks

The Characteristic and the Plausible

The Open Door

The Element of Surprise

Plausibility

A Resolution Point

How to Get Determinacy Out of Indeterminacy

Alternatives

The Piccadilly Line

Plausibility Again

Historical Note on Plausibility

Cut-to-the Chase Abduction

Characteristicness

Common Knowledge

Rescher's Plausibility Logic

Reliability

Axioms for Plausibility

Plausibility and Presumption

Brief Concluding Remarks

Relevance and Analogy

Relevance

Relevance as Cognitive

Topical Relevance

Contextual Effects

Irredundancy Relevance

Relevance and Cutting to the Chase

Legal Relevance

Ideology

Legal Presumption

Types of Presumption

The Reasonable Person

Reasonable Doubt

Hypothesis-Discharge

The Probativity Question

Revision Structures

Proof Standards

Analogy

The Meta Approach

Similarity

Analogy in Law

Precedent

Analogue Modelling

Interpretation Abduction

Hermeneutics

Enthymemes

Fermat's Last Theorem

Enthymeme Resolution as Abductive

The Attack on Analyticity

Inarticulacy as Economics

Some Virtual Guidelines

Background Knowledge

Charity

Indeterminacy of Translation

Is it Abduction (Again)?

Constitutional Inarticulacies

Inarticulate Understanding

Visual Abduction

Empathy

Discourse Empathies

Semantic Space Interpretation of Texts

The Raynaud-Fish Oil Abduction

Formal Models of Abduction

Glimpse of Formality

Introduction

The AKM model

The GW Model

Some Schematic Remarks

Case Study: Defeasible Logic

A General Theory of Logical Systems

Introduction

Logical Systems

Refining the Notion of a Logical System

Structured consequence

Algorithmic structured consequence relation

Mechanisms

Modes of Evaluation

TAR-Logics

Relevance

Discussion and Further Reading

A Base Logic

Formal Abduction: An Overview

Introducing LDS

LDS for =>

Examples of Resource LDS

Goal Directed Algorithm for =>

The Algorithm

Examples

Intuitive Theory of Labelled Abduction

Abduction in Knowledge Bases

Abduction in Planning and Natural Language

Abduction in Logic Programming

A Conversation Between Two Intelligent Databases

An Abductive Mechanism for the Base Logic

Introduction

Abduction Algorithm for =>

Case Study: Abduction for Intuitionistic Implications

Case Study: Abduction for Relevance Logic

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

Part I A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems

1 Introduction

2 Practical Logic

2.1 First Thoughts on a Practical Logic

2.1.1 A Hierarchy of Agency Types

2.1.2 Peculiarities of Institutional Agents

2.1.3 Normativity

2.1.4 Mathematical Models

2.1.5 Slight-resource Adjustment Strategies

2.1.6 Hasty Generalization

2.1.7 Generic Inference

2.1.8 Natural Kinds

2.1.9 Defaults

2.1.10 Discourse Economies

2.1.11 Consciousness

2.2 Practical Logic

2.3 Connectionist Logic

2.3.1 Fallacies

Part II Conceptual Models of Abduction

3 The Structure of Abduction

3.1 Introductory Remark on Abduction

3.2 The Elementary Structure of Abductive Logic

3.3 Expanding the Schema

3.4 Frames

3.5 Generalizing

3.6 Avoiding a Confusion

3.7 Locating Abduction on the Logical Map

3.8 Abductive Schematics

3.8.1 Consequentialist Abduction

3.8.2 The Good that A K M Does

3.8.3 The Reach of Abduction

3.8.4 Simplicity

3.9 The Cut Down Problem

3.9.1 Abduction as Practical

3.9.2 Proof-theoretic Abduction

3.10 The Adaptive and the Epistemically Subpar

3.11 Knowledge-Sets

3.12 Filtration Structures

3.13 Hypothesis-Engagement

3.14 Grounds of Action

3.15 Tasks for an Abductive Logic

4 Explanationist Abduction

4.1 Peirce

4.1.1 Surprise

4.1.2 Testability and Economics

4.1.3 Insight and Trial

4.2 Rationality and Diminished Epistemic Virtue

4.3 Explanationism

4.3.1 The Covering Law Model

4.3.2 The Rational Model

4.3.3 Teleological Explanation

4.3.4 The Pluralism of Explanation

4.4 Assessing

4.5 Characteristicness

4.6 Hanson

4.7 Darden

4.8 Fodor

4.9 Adaptive Explanationism

4.10 Non-abductive Conjecture

5 Non-Plausibilistic Abduction

5.1 Introductory remark

5.2 Newton

5.3 Planck

5.4 Physical Dependencies

5.5 The Superstring Controversy

5.6 Russell and Godel

5.7 The Consequence Relation

5.8 Lakatos

5.9 Hintikka

5.10 Empirical Progress

5.11 Semantic Tableaux

5.11.1 Assessing Semantic Tableau Abduction

5.11.2 Is It Abduction?

5.12 Inconsistency Again

5.12.1 Bayesian Inference

6 Diagnostic Abduction in AI

6.1 Explanationist Diagnostics

6.1.1 Difficulties with AP

6.2 Another Example

6.2.1 Remarks

6.3 Coherentism and Probabilism

6.3.1 The Rivalry of Explanationism and Probabilism

6.4 Explanatory Coherence

6.4.1 Probabilistic Networks

6.5 Pearl Networks for ECHO

6.6 Neuropharmacological Intervention

6.7 Mechanizing Abduction

6.8 Abduction in Neural-Symbolic Networks

7 The Characteristic and the Plausible

7.1 The Open Door

7.1.1 The Element of Surprise

7.1.2 Plausibility

7.1.3 A Resolution Point

7.1.4 How to Get Determinacy Out of Indeterminacy

7.1.5 Alternatives

7.2 The Piccadilly Line

7.3 Plausibility Again

7.3.1 Historical Note on Plausibility

7.3.2 Cut-to-the Chase Abduction

7.4 Characteristicness

7.5 Common Knowledge

7.6 Rescher's Plausibility Logic

7.6.1 Reliability

7.6.2 Axioms for Plausibility

7.7 Plausibility and Presumption

7.8 Brief Concluding Remarks

8 Relevance and Analogy

8.1 Relevance

8.1.1 Relevance as Cognitive

8.1.2 Topical Relevance

8.1.3 Contextual Effects

8.2 Irredundancy Relevance

8.3 Relevance and Cutting to the Chase

8.4 Legal Relevance

8.4.1 Ideology

8.5 Legal Presumption

8.5.1 Types of Presumption

8.5.2 The Reasonable Person

8.5.3 Reasonable Doubt

8.6 Hypothesis-Discharge

8.7 The Probativity Question

8.8 Revision Structures

8.8.1 Proof Standards

8.8.2 Analogy

8.8.3 The Meta Approach

8.8.4 Similarity

8.9 Analogy in Law

8.9.1 Precedent

8.10 Analogue Modelling

9 Interpretation Abduction

9.1 Hermeneutics

9.1.1 Enthymemes

9.1.2 Fermat's Last Theorem

9.2 Enthymeme Resolution as Abductive

9.2.1 The Attack on Analyticity

9.2.2 Inarticulacy as Economics

9.2.3 Some Virtual Guidelines

9.2.4 Background Knowledge

9.3 Charity

9.3.1 Indeterminacy of Translation

9.4 Is it Abduction (Again)?

9.5 Constitutional Inarticulacies

9.5.1 Inarticulate Understanding

9.6 Visual Abduction

9.7 Empathy

9.7.1 Discourse Empathies

9.8 Semantic Space Interpretation of Texts

9.8.1 The Raynaud-Fish Oil Abduction

Part III Formal Models of Abduction

10 A Glimpse of Formality

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 The AKM model

10.1.2 The GW Model

10.2 Some Schematic Remarks

10.3 Case Study: Defeasible Logic

11 A General Theory of Logical Systems

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Logical Systems

11.3 Refining the Notion of a Logical System

11.3.1 Structured consequence

11.3.2 Algorithmic structured consequence relation

11.3.3 Mechanisms

11.3.4 Modes of Evaluation

11.3.5 TAR-Logics

11.3.6 Relevance

11.4 Discussion and Further Reading

12 A Base Logic

12.1 Formal Abduction: An Overview

12.2 Introducing LDS

12.2.1 LDS for =>

12.2.2 Examples of Resource LDS

12.3 Goal Directed Algorithm for =>•

12.3.1 The Algorithm

12.3.2 Examples

12.4 Intuitive Theory of Labelled Abduction

12.4.1 Abduction in Knowledge Bases

Possible Principles of Abduction

12.4.2 Abduction in Planning and Natural Language

12.4.3 Abduction in Logic Programming

12.4.4 A Conversation Between Two Intelligent Databases

13 An Abductive Mechanism for the Base Logic

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Abduction Algorithm for =>

13.3 Case Study: Abduction for Intuitionistic Impli-cations

13.4 Case Study: Abduction for Relevance Logic

13.5 Conclusion

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Bibliography

index