User-Centered Interaction Design Patterns for Interactive Digital Television Applications

Human–Computer Interaction Series

User-Centered Interaction Design Patterns for Interactive Digital Television Applications

Summary

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Contents

Abbreviations

Introduction

1.1 Motivation

1.2 Problem and Aims

1.3 Approach

1.3.1 Identification of Recurrent Design Problems

1.3.2 Identification of Proven Design Solutions and Their Trade-Offs

1.3.3 Documentation of the Usability Test Results in the Form of Design Patterns

1.4 Structure of the Book

References

Interactive TV Applications and Their Context of Use

2.1 Interactive TV Applications

2.1.1 Definition

2.1.2 Classification of Interactive TV Applications

2.1.2.1 Permanent ‘‘24/7’’ Stand-Alone Services

2.1.2.2 Enhanced TV Applications

2.1.3 Classification of Enhanced TV Applications

2.1.3.1 Schedule-Busting Services

2.1.3.2 Engaging Services

2.2 Context of Use

2.2.1 Usability

2.2.2 Context of Use

2.2.3 iTV Users

2.2.3.1 User Types

2.2.3.2 Skills and Knowledge

2.2.3.3 Personal Characteristics

2.2.4 iTV User Goals and Tasks

2.2.4.1 User Goals

2.2.4.2 User Tasks

2.2.5 iTV Equipment

2.2.5.1 Set-Top Box

2.2.5.2 TV Screen

2.2.5.3 Remote Control

2.2.6 iTV Environment

2.2.6.1 Social Environment

2.2.6.2 Technical Environment

2.2.6.3 Physical Environment

2.2.7 Conclusions

References

Types of Design Guidance for iTV Applications

3.1 Summary of Existing Design Guidance for iTV Applications

3.1.1 Classification

3.1.2 General Interaction Design Guidelines for iTV Applications

3.1.3 Broadcaster Style Guides for iTV Applications

3.1.4 Middleware Design Guidelines for iTV Applications

3.1.5 Comparison of Design Guidance Specifically for iTV

3.1.6 ISO 9241 and Interactive TV

3.1.6.1 ISO 9241-12 (Presentation of Information)

3.1.6.2 ISO 9241-13 (User Guidance)

3.1.6.3 ISO 9241-14 (Menu Dialogues)

3.1.7 ISO 14915 and Interactive TV

3.1.7.1 ISO 14915-2 (Multimedia Navigation and Control)

3.1.7.2 14915-3 (Media Selection and Control)

3.1.8 Design Principles and Interactive TV

3.1.9 Conclusions

3.2 Forms of Design Guidance

3.2.1 Classification

3.2.1.1 Principles

3.2.1.2 Guidelines

3.2.1.3 Style Guides

3.2.1.4 Interaction Design Patterns

3.2.2 Analysis and Evaluation of the Different Forms

3.2.2.1 Analysis

3.2.2.2 Evaluation

3.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Interaction Design Patterns

3.2.4 Evaluation of Interaction Design Pattern Collections

3.2.4.1 Technical Platform

3.2.4.2 Pattern Format

3.2.4.3 Type of Design Problems Covered

3.2.4.4 Quality Criterion for Design Solutions

3.2.4.5 Identification of Design Problems

3.2.4.6 Discussion of Design Alternatives and Trade-Offs

3.2.4.7 Justification of Design Solutions

3.2.4.8 Integration of Patterns into the User-Centred Design Process

3.2.4.9 Evaluation of the Documented Patterns

3.2.5 Conclusions

References

User Tasks and Requirements for iTV Applications

4.1 Theory

4.1.1 Classification of Approaches to User Task Analysis

4.1.2 Scope of User Task Analysis

4.1.3 User Tasks and Requirements

4.1.4 Classification of Requirements

4.1.5 Methods for User Task and Requirements Analysis

4.1.6 The Method of Focus Groups

4.2 Applied Method

4.2.1 Participants

4.2.2 Introduction to iTV

4.2.3 Structure of the Focus Groups

4.3 Results

4.3.1 Content-Independent User Tasks and Requirements

4.3.2 Content-Specific User Tasks and Requirements

4.4 Conclusions

References

Design Pattern Collection for iTV

5.1 Framework for Interaction Design Patterns

5.1.1 Quality Criterion for Design Solutions

5.1.2 Identification of Design Problems

5.1.3 Discussion of Design Alternatives and Trade-Offs

5.1.4 Justification of Presented Solutions

5.1.5 Evaluation of the Documented Patterns

5.1.6 Conclusion

5.2 Overview of the Pattern Language

5.3 Interaction Design Patterns

5.3.1 Pattern Group A: Page Layout

5.3.2 Pattern Group B: Navigation

5.3.3 Pattern Group C: Remote Control Keys

5.3.4 Pattern Group D: Basic Functions

5.3.5 Pattern Group E: Content Presentation

5.3.6 Pattern Group F: User Participation

5.3.7 Pattern Group G: Text Input

5.3.8 Pattern Group H: Help

5.3.9 Pattern Group I: Accessibility & Personalisation

5.3.10 Pattern Group J: Specific User Groups

5.4 Conclusions

References

Method of Pattern Development

6.1 Requirements Analysis for iTV Design Guidance

6.1.1 Theory

6.1.2 Method

6.1.3 Interview Partners

6.1.4 Results

6.1.4.1 Current iTV Design Practice

6.1.4.2 Content Requirements

6.1.4.3 Form Requirements

6.1.5 Conclusions

6.2 Hierarchy of iTV Interaction Design Problems

6.2.1 Method

6.2.2 Results

6.2.3 Conclusions

6.3 Design of iTV Prototypes

6.3.1 Theory

6.3.2 Method

6.3.2.1 Prototypes with Several Variants

6.3.2.2 Prototypes with One Variant

6.3.3 Results

6.3.3.1 Prototypes with Several Variants

6.3.3.2 Prototypes with One Variant

6.3.3.3 Implementation of the Prototypes

6.3.4 Conclusions

6.4 Usability Test Series

6.4.1 Theory

6.4.1.1 Usability Testing vs. Other Evaluation Methods

6.4.1.2 Summative vs. Formative Usability Tests

6.4.1.3 Comparative Usability Tests

6.4.2 Method

6.4.2.1 Applications Tested

6.4.2.2 Usability Metrics

6.4.2.3 Data Collection

6.4.2.4 Test Session Procedure

6.4.3 Context of Use in the Tests

6.4.3.1 Reliability and Validity

6.4.3.2 Users

6.4.3.3 Tasks

6.4.3.4 Environment and Equipment

6.4.4 Analysis

6.4.4.1 Quantitative Data Analysis

6.4.4.2 Qualitative Data Analysis

6.4.5 Results of the Comparative Tests

6.4.5.1 Quantitative Results

6.4.5.2 Qualitative Results

6.4.6 Results of the Conventional Tests

6.4.6.1 Quantitative Results

6.4.6.2 Qualitative Results

6.4.7 Conclusions

6.5 Forming the Pattern Language

6.5.1 Hierarchical Structure of the Pattern Language

6.5.2 Design Pattern Templates

6.6 Evaluation of the Developed Patterns

6.6.1 Method

6.6.1.1 Interview Partners

6.6.1.2 Method for Evaluating Contents

Content of the Overview of the Pattern Collection

Content of the Single Patterns

Overall Content Evaluation

6.6.1.3 Method for Evaluating Form

Form of the Overview of the Pattern Collection

Form of the Single Design Patterns

6.6.2 Results on the Pattern Content

6.6.2.1 Content of the Overview of the Pattern Collection

6.6.2.2 Content of the Single Patterns

6.6.2.3 Overall Content

6.6.3 Results on the Pattern Form

6.6.3.1 Form of the Overview of the Pattern Collection

6.6.3.2 Form of the Single Patterns

6.6.4 Conclusions

References

Conclusion

7.1 Summary

7.2 Discussion

7.3 Main Contributions

7.4 Future Research

References

Appendix A: Characteristics of Usability Test Participants

Appendix B: Quantitative Usability Test Result

B.1 Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group B: Navigation

B.1.1 Multiple Ways to Navigate (B1)

B.1.2 Menu (B2)

B.1.3 Video Multi-screen (B3)

B.1.4 Index (B4)

B.1.5 Tabs (B6)

B.2 Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group D: Basic Functions

B.2.1 Initial Call to Action (D1)

B.2.2 Starting (D2)

B.2.3 Loading Indication (D3)

B.2.4 Exiting (D4)

B.2.5 Hiding Application (D5)

B.2.6 Going One Level Up (D6)

B.3 Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group E: Content Presentation

B.3.1 Content Box (E2)

B.3.2 Paging (E3)

B.3.3 Scrolling (E4)

B.3.4 Switching Between Content Items (E5)

B.3.5 Synchronised Content (E6)

B.4 Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group F: User Participation

B.4.1 Multiple Ways of User Participation (F1)

B.4.2 Voting and Multiple-Choice Question (F2)

B.4.3 Allocation of Items (F3)

B.4.4 Text Completion (F4)

B.4.5 Approval for Connectivity (F5)

B.5 Usability Test Results for Pattern Group G: Text Input

B.5.1 Multiple Ways to Input Text (G1)

B.5.2 On-Screen QWERTY or Alphabetical Keyboard (G2)

B.5.3 Mobile Phone Keyboard (G3)

B.6 Usability Test Results for Pattern Group H: Help

B.6.1 On-Screen Instruction (H1)

B.6.2 Help Section (H2)

B.7 Usability Test Results for Pattern Group I: Accessibility and Personalisation

B.7.1 Accessibility (I1)

B.7.2 Personalisation (I2)

B.8 Usability Test Results for Pattern Group J: Specific User Groups

B.8.1 Children (J1)

Index