Awareness Systems - Advances in Theory, Methodology and Design

Preface

Contents

Contributors

Part I Awareness in Context

1 An Historical Reflection of Awareness in Collaboration

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Early Exploration of Awareness

1.2.1 Workplace Studies

1.2.1.1 London Underground

1.2.1.2 Patterns of Scientific Collaboration

1.2.1.3 Air Traffic Control

1.2.1.4 Workplace Studies Summary

1.2.2 Early Media Spaces

1.2.2.1 The First Media Space

1.2.2.2 Second Generation Media Spaces

1.2.2.3 Media Spaces Summary

1.2.3 Event-Based Awareness

1.2.4 Awareness in a Spatial Metaphor

1.2.5 Early Exploration of Awareness Summary

1.3 Diversification and Research Prototypes

1.3.1 The Social Context of Awareness

1.3.1.1 Awareness, Privacy and Interruption

1.3.1.2 The Locales Framework

1.3.1.3 Social Context Summary

1.3.2 Awareness Frameworks and Models

1.3.2.1 Workspace Awareness

1.3.2.2 The Focus/Nimbus Model of Awareness

1.3.2.3 Event Pipeline Model

1.3.3 Collaborative Environments

1.3.3.1 DIVA, GroupDesk and PoliAwaC

1.3.3.2 WORLDS and Orbit

1.3.3.3 Collaborative Environments Summary

1.3.4 Physical Display of Awareness

1.3.5 Infrastructure

1.3.5.1 Area

1.3.5.2 NESSIE

1.3.5.3 Elvin

1.3.6 Summary of Diversification and Research Prototypes

1.4 Summary of Extended Models and Specialisation

1.4.1 Models and Diversifying Types of Awareness

1.4.1.1 ENI

1.4.1.2 Reaction--Diffusion Model

1.4.1.3 Types of Awareness

1.4.1.4 Privacy Continued

1.4.1.5 Summary of Models and Diversifying Types

1.4.2 Awareness in Different Domains

1.4.2.1 Domestic Awareness

1.4.2.2 Summary of Awareness in Different Domains

1.4.3 Technology Driven Awareness Research

1.4.4 Group Configuration

1.4.4.1 Semi-Public

1.4.4.2 Co-Located

1.4.4.3 Partially Distributed

1.4.4.4 Mixed Presence

1.4.4.5 Summary of Group Configuration

1.4.5 Summary of Extended Models and Specification

1.5 Trends and Conclusions

References

2 A Design Framework for Awareness Systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Awareness Systems for Supporting Social Relations and Needs

2.3 Do Awareness Systems Represent a Technology Push?

2.3.1 Affiliation with Others

2.3.2 Obtaining Social Information and Self-Presentation

2.3.3 Attracting and Retaining Mates

2.3.4 Protecting Ourselves and Those We Value

2.3.5 Conclusion

2.4 The Design Space of Social Awareness Systems

2.4.1 Awareness of People or Places?

2.4.2 Precision

2.4.3 Accuracy

2.4.4 Notification Level

2.4.5 Input Automation: Explicit Versus Implicit Input

2.4.6 Private Versus Shared Nature of Awareness Displays

2.4.7 Level of User Control

2.5 Challenges for the Design of Awareness Systems

2.5.1 Minimize Procedural Effort

2.5.2 Support Transitions to Other Media

2.5.3 Designing Agency in Awareness Systems

2.5.4 Reciprocity, Equity of Costs and Benefits

2.5.5 Balancing Accountability and Autonomy

2.5.6 Designing Beautiful Seams (Seamful Design)

2.5.7 Data Proportionality

2.6 Conclusion

References

3 Awareness in the Home: The Nuances of Relationships, Domestic Coordination and Communication

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Interpersonal Awareness

3.2.1 Social Groupings for Awareness

3.2.1.1 Home Inhabitants

3.2.1.2 Intimate Socials

3.2.1.3 Extended Socials

3.2.2 Interpersonal Awareness Information

3.2.2.1 Awareness of Location

3.2.2.2 Awareness of Activity

3.2.2.3 Awareness of Status

3.2.3 Techniques for Maintaining Awareness

3.2.3.1 Visual Cues from Domestic Artifacts

3.2.3.2 Direct and Mediated Interaction

3.3 Communication Information in the Home

3.3.1 Reminders and Alerts

3.3.2 Awareness and Scheduling

3.3.3 Visual Displays

3.3.4 Notices

3.3.5 Resource Coordination

3.4 Contextual Locations

3.4.1 Location Placement in the Home

3.4.2 Pathways and Routines

3.4.3 Constellations

3.4.4 Location Attributes and Proximity

3.4.5 Visibility vs. Practicality

3.5 Time, Ownership, and Awareness

3.5.1 Time

3.5.1.1 Urgency and Relevance

3.5.1.2 Information Dynamics

3.5.2 Ownership

3.5.2.1 Spaces

3.5.2.2 Visibility and Privacy

3.5.2.3 Actions

3.5.3 Awareness

3.5.3.1 Presence

3.5.3.2 Monitoring

3.6 Conclusion

References

Part II Theoretical Perspectives

4 Making Sense of What Is Going on 0Around0: Designing Environmental Awareness Information Displays

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Related Work

4.3 Key Concepts

4.3.1 Smooth Transitions Between Levels of Awareness

4.3.2 Combination of Different Output Modalities

4.3.3 Context is Content

4.3.4 Information Decoration

4.4 Case 1: Home Radio

4.4.1 First Design Cycle: Sound Solutions

4.4.1.1 Design Rationale

4.4.1.2 Main Findings

4.4.2 Second Design Cycle: Home Radio

4.4.2.1 Exploration of the Design Space

4.4.2.2 Generation of Design Solutions

4.4.2.3 Evaluation and Main Findings

4.5 Case 2: Data Fountain

4.5.1 Mapping Money Currency Rates to Water Jets

4.5.2 Rethink Fountains as Information Displays

4.6 Case 3: Birds Whispering

4.6.1 Representing the Presence of People Through Bird Sounds

4.6.2 Noise vs. Silence

4.6.3 Sound Design

4.6.4 Scenarios

4.7 Discussion and Conclusions

References

5 Social Inference Through Technology

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Projections of the Social

5.2.1 Anatomy of a Cue

5.2.2 Limitations of All Intermediaries

5.2.3 Can the Social be Projected?

5.3 Inferring a Projection

5.3.1 Elements of Social Inference

5.3.2 The Cognitive Miser

5.3.3 The Mediated ''Social'' as an Intrapsychic Process

5.4 The Psychology of Action

5.4.1 Goals and Motivations

5.4.2 Perception, Action, and Feedback

5.5 Examples From Mobile Awareness Systems

5.5.1 Effects of Pre-Knowledge

5.5.2 Selective Processing of Cues and Transfer

5.6 Conclusions

References

6 Abstractions of Awareness: Aware of What?

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Related Works

6.3 Model Overview

6.3.1 Observable Items and Awareness

6.3.2 Attributes, Attribute Providers and Nimbus

6.3.3 Resources, Resource Providers and Focus

6.3.4 Focus--Nimbus Negotiation and Awareness Systems

6.3.5 Closing the Gap

6.3.6 Example

6.3.6.1 Anna's Nimbus

6.3.6.2 John's Focus

6.3.6.3 John's Awareness

6.4 Communication Patterns

6.4.1 John's Nimbus and Plausible Deniability

6.4.2 Placing John's Focus in his Nimbus and Social Translucency

6.4.3 Keeping Symmetry Among John's and his Colleague's Nimbi

6.4.4 Making a Stranger Aware of Anna's Nimbus

6.5 Conclusion

6.6 Glossary

References

7 Phatic Interactions: Being Aware and Feeling Connected

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Human Communication

7.2.1 Approaching Communication

7.2.2 Jakobson's Model of Communication

7.2.3 The Phatic Function

7.2.4 Phatic Awareness

7.3 Phatic Technologies

7.4 Exploring Phatic Interactions

7.4.1 Mediating Intimacy

7.4.2 Intergenerational Play

7.4.3 Online Social Networks

7.5 Conclusion

References

8 Privacy Considerations in Awareness Systems: Designing with Privacy in Mind

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Privacy

8.3 Relationship Between Awareness and Privacy

8.3.1 Digital Domain

8.4 Relevant Research

8.4.1 User Studies

8.4.2 Theories, Principles, and Guidelines

8.4.3 Design Techniques

8.5 Positioning Awareness Systems

8.5.1 Nature of Awareness Mechanisms

8.5.2 Activity Coupling

8.5.3 Nature of Relationships

8.6 Designing with Privacy in Mind

8.6.1 Workplace Awareness Application

8.6.2 Instant Messaging Privacy Plugin

8.7 Conclusion

References

9 Grounding Privacy with Awareness: A Social Approach to Describe Privacy Related Issues in Awareness Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Interpersonal Privacy: A Social Approach

9.3 Common Ground Theory

9.3.1 Coordination of Communication Activities as a Collaborative Process

9.3.2 Contribution Pairs: Presenting and Understanding Intentions to Communicate

9.3.3 Lightweight Coordination Mechanisms: Track-II Signals

9.3.4 Least Collaborative Effort: Developing and Using Common Ground Representations

9.4 The Privacy Grounding Model

9.4.1 Components

9.4.2 Mechanisms

9.4.3 Characterizations

9.5 Using PGM in Awareness Systems

9.5.1 Least Collaborative Effort and Track-II Characterizations

9.5.2 Intentionality, Channels and Ambiguity

9.6 Case Studies

9.6.1 Push-to-Talk

9.6.2 Media Spaces

9.6.3 Reachability Management Systems

9.7 Discussion

9.7.1 PGM Use -- A Social Analysis of Disclosure and Solitude Control

9.7.2 PGM Contribution -- Signalling and Grounding Privacy Intentions

9.8 Conclusions

References

10 Awareness Information with Speech and Sound

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Awareness Systems awareness systems

10.1.2 Group Awareness group awareness

10.1.3 Attention Shift and Peripheral Awareness peripheral awareness attention shift

10.2 Properties of Speech and Non-speech Audio audio speech audio non-speech

10.3 Auditory Interaction Techniques auditory interaction

10.4 Guidelines for Auditory Presentation Techniques

10.4.1 Speech guidelines speech

10.4.2 Auditory Icons

10.4.3 Earcons guidelines earcons

10.4.4 Music guidelines music

10.4.5 Soundscapes guidelines soundscapes

10.5 Auditory Awareness Systems auditory awareness systems

10.5.1 Structure of Auditory Awareness Applications

10.5.1.1 Mapping Between Concepts and Presentations

10.5.1.2 Timing, Transitions, Continuity and Consistency consistency

10.5.1.3 Controlling Auditory Presentation Compositions presentation composition control

10.5.2 Example Applications

10.5.3 A Speech-Based and Auditory Ubiquitous Office Environment

10.5.3.1 Data Gathering

10.5.3.2 Awareness Information awareness information

10.5.3.3 Audio Awareness Architecture

10.6 Summary and Discussion

10.6.1 Evaluation of Auditory Awareness Systems auditory awareness systems evaluation

10.6.2 Complementary Speech and Non-Speech Audio complementary speech and non-speech

References

Part III Applications

11 Awareware: Narrowcasting Attributes for Selective Attention, Privacy, and Multipresence

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 Presence, Telepresence, and Copresence

11.1.2 Awareness and Presence Awareness

11.1.3 Narrowcasting and Privacy

11.1.4 Multiple Spaces

11.1.5 Multipresence, Anycasting, and Autofocus

11.1.6 Multipresence Scenarios

11.2 Related Research

11.3 Awareware: Audio Windowing Narrowcasting Systems

11.3.1 ''Multiplicity'': Java3D Workstation-Platformed Multiperspective Interface

11.3.1.1 Multiple Spaces

11.3.1.2 Visual Representation of Narrowcasting Operations

11.3.1.3 Visual Representation of Autofocus Operations

11.3.2 Con: (ippli DoJa) Mobile Device-Platformed Dynamic Map

11.3.2.1 Multiple Spaces

11.3.2.2 Visual Representation of Narrowcasting Operations

11.3.2.3 Visual Representation of Autofocus Operations

11.4 Narrowcasting Attributes for Presence Awareness

11.5 Future Research

11.5.1 Role-Based Issues

11.5.2 Next-Generation Mobile Phones

11.5.3 Convergence

11.5.4 ''Polite Calling'' for Social Gracefulness

11.6 Conclusion

References

12 Emotinet: A Framework for the Development of Social Awareness Systems

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Related Work

12.3 Emotinet

12.3.1 Architecture

12.3.2 The User Interface

12.4 The First Application

12.4.1 Example of Use

12.4.2 Design Principles

12.4.3 Text Processing

12.4.4 Collage Composer

12.5 Conclusions and Future Work

References

13 Conversational Awareness in Text-Based Computer Mediated Communication

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Review of Awareness Support

13.2.1 Presence Awareness

13.2.2 Emotional Awareness

13.2.3 Identity Awareness

13.2.4 Conversational Awareness

13.2.4.1 Awareness of Turn-Taking

13.2.4.2 Awareness of Conversational Context

13.2.4.3 Awareness of Multiple Conversations

13.3 User Needs and Requirements Analysis

13.3.1 Empirical User Study

13.3.2 Design Requirements

13.4 Mechanisms Supporting Conversational Awareness

13.4.1 Relaxed Instant Messenger (RIM)

13.4.1.1 RIM Support for Conversational Awareness

13.4.1.2 Evaluation of RIM

13.4.2 Conversation Dock (ConDock)

13.4.2.1 ConDock Supports Awareness of Multiple Conversations

13.4.2.2 Evaluation of ConDock

13.5 Discussion and Conclusions

13.5.1 Comparison of Awareness Support

13.5.2 Lessons from Developing Awareness Support

13.5.3 Conclusions

References

14 Fostering Social Engagement and Self-Efficacy in Later Life: Studies with Ubiquitous Computing

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Tools for Social Self-Efficacy

14.3 Prototypes Developed to Foster Social Engagement

14.3.1 Guideline 1: Depict Loneliness as a Temporary Drop in Social Activity Rather Than a Permanent Condition

14.3.1.1 Prototype 1: Social Network Displays

14.3.2 Guideline 2: Provide Windows into Others' Availability

14.3.2.1 Prototype 2: Presence Lamp

14.3.3 Guideline 3: Provide Cues to Foster Mastery of Social Situations

14.3.3.1 Prototype 3: Context ID

14.4 Participant Reactions

14.5 Future Directions

References

15 Awareness of Daily Life Activities

15.1 Introduction

15.2 User Studies

15.2.1 User Profiles

15.2.2 Interviews

15.2.3 Focus Groups

15.2.4 Questionnaires

15.3 Prototype Design and Implementation

15.3.1 Conceptual Design

15.3.2 Architectural Overview

15.3.3 Wireless Sensor Network and ADL-State-Extraction

15.3.4 Presence and Mobility Detection

15.3.5 Kitchen Activity Detection

15.3.6 Bed/Chair/Visitors Activity Detection

15.3.7 ADL-Semantics Extractor and State Database Host

15.3.8 Presentation Server

15.4 Evaluation

15.4.1 Participants

15.4.2 Apparatus and Maintenance

15.4.3 Results

15.5 Conclusion

References

16 Design and Evaluation of Intentionally Enriched Awareness

16.1 Introduction

16.1.1 Chapter Structure

16.2 Intentionally Enriched Awareness

16.2.1 Motivation

16.2.2 The Passive Actor passive actor

16.2.2.1 Awareness and Deliberation

16.2.3 A Model of Intentionally Enriched Awareness

16.2.3.1 Atmosphere

16.2.3.2 Effort and Disclosure

16.2.3.3 Disclosure Mechanisms Disclosure mechanisms

16.3 Related Work

16.3.1 Sharing Status

16.3.2 Displaying Messages

16.3.3 Today Messages

16.3.4 Single-Click Sharing

16.3.4.1 A History of Biff

16.3.5 Sharing of Structure

16.3.5.1 Shared Workspaces

16.3.5.2 Tagging

16.3.5.3 Disclosure in Social Networking

16.3.6 Discussion

16.3.6.1 Systems Related to Direct Disclosure

16.3.6.2 Systems Related to Indirect Disclosure

16.4 The AnyBiff System

16.4.1 AnyBiff Design AnyBiff design

16.4.1.1 Interface Elements AnyBiff interface

16.4.1.2 Biff Creation

16.4.1.3 Biff Subscription

16.4.1.4 Notification Mechanisms

16.4.1.5 AnyBiff Architecture AnyBiff architecture

16.5 AnyBiff Evaluation AnyBiff evaluation

16.5.1 Methodology

16.5.2 Findings

16.5.2.1 AnyBiff Usage AnyBiff usage

16.5.2.2 Conceptual Issues AnyBiff conceptual issues

16.5.2.3 Biff-Specific Usage

16.6 Design Implications

16.6.1 Potential and Challenges of Intentional Disclosure

16.6.2 The Space Between Awareness and Communication

16.6.3 Genericity, Ambiguity and Evolution

16.7 Summary and Conclusions

References

17 Situatedness of Awareness Information: Impact on the Design and Usage of Awareness Systems

17.1 Introduction

17.1.1 Situated Displays and the Importance of Place

17.1.2 Dimensions of Situatedness

17.1.3 Definitions of Awareness

17.1.4 Situated Displays and Awareness

17.2 Awareness in the Hermes System

17.2.1 Evolution of the Hermes System

17.2.2 Typical Scenarios of Use

17.2.3 Analysis of Usage Logs

17.2.4 Emergent Usages and Themes Relating to Awareness

17.2.4.1 Maintaining a Sense of Presence/Reason for Absence

17.2.4.2 Establishing Mood and Personal Situation

17.2.4.3 The ''I''m Not Here but I Should Be'' Awareness Message

17.2.4.4 Privacy, Control, Accuracy and Placement Issues

17.2.4.5 The Importance of Fitting in with Existing Routines

17.2.4.6 Appropriated (or Unintended by the Designer) Use

17.3 Design Considerations

17.3.1 The Situatedness of Displays

17.3.2 Situatedness and Types of Awareness

17.3.2.1 Awareness Messages of the Form: What I Am Doing…

17.3.2.2 Awareness Messages of the Form: What I Am Not Doing

17.3.2.3 Awareness Messages of the Form: Why I Am Not Doing It…

17.3.2.4 Relations to Broader Frameworks

17.3.3 Accuracy and Deliberate Imprecision Relating to Awareness

17.3.4 Awareness and Support for Communication

17.4 Concluding Remarks

17.4.1 Summary of Design Considerations

References

Part IV Evaluating Awareness Systems

18 Supporting Family Awareness with the Whereabouts Clock

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Related Work

18.3 Designing a Location Awareness System for the Family

18.4 Trial Method

18.5 Results

18.5.1 Unpacking Awareness in a Family Context

18.5.1.1 Coordination and Communication

18.5.1.2 Reassurance

18.5.1.3 Connectedness and Togetherness

18.5.1.4 Expressing Identity

18.5.1.5 Social Touch

18.5.2 Privacy

18.6 Awareness and Family Life

18.7 Implications

18.8 Conclusions

References

19 Evaluating Peripheral Displays

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Specialized Frameworks and Methods

19.2.1 Models

19.2.2 Methods

19.3 Evaluation Criteria

19.3.1 Traditional Usability Criteria

19.3.1.1 Learnability

19.3.1.2 Error Visibility and Recovery

19.3.1.3 Usefulness

19.3.1.4 User Satisfaction

19.3.2 Criteria Related to Attention Issues

19.3.2.1 Awareness

19.3.2.2 Distraction

19.3.3 A Note About Design Mechanisms and Summary

19.4 Case Study: Two E-Mail Display Evaluations

19.4.1 Display Designs to Improve E-Mail Awareness

19.4.2 Formative Evaluation: Heuristic Evaluation

19.4.2.1 Results

19.4.2.2 Design Iteration

19.4.3 Summative Evaluation

19.4.3.1 Lab Study

19.4.3.2 Field Study

19.4.3.3 Results

19.4.3.4 Discussion

19.4.4 Open Questions

19.5 Conclusion

References

20 Measuring Affective Benefits and Costs of Mediated Awareness: Development and Validation of the ABC-Questionnaire

20.1 Introduction

20.1.1 Social Presence and Media Richness

20.1.2 Social Connectedness

20.2 Construction of the ABC-Questionnaire

20.2.1 Initial Development of the ABC-Q

20.2.2 Validation Study

20.2.3 Extending the Questionnaire

20.3 Conclusions

20.4 Appendix: The ABC-Questionnaire

Introductory Instructions

The Questionnaire

Scoring Instructions

Benefits of Communication

Cost of Communication

References

Index