Suchen und Finden
Approach to Internal Medicine - A Resource Book for Clinical Practice
von: David Hui
Springer-Verlag, 2011
ISBN: 9781441965059 , 459 Seiten
3. Auflage
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 46,99 EUR
Disclaimer
6
Preface
7
Section Editors
9
Contributors
10
Contents
11
Pulmonary Medicine
18
Asthma Exacerbation
18
Differential Diagnosis of Wheezing
18
Pathophysiology
18
Clinical Features
18
Investigations
18
Acute Management
18
Long-Term Management
19
Treatment Issues
19
Specific Entities
20
COPD Exacerbation
20
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Dyspnea
20
Pathophysiology
20
Clinical Features
20
Investigations
21
Prognostic Issues
21
Acute Management
21
Long-Term Management
21
Treatment Issues
22
Specific Entities
22
Pneumonia
23
Types of Pneumonia
23
Pathophysiology
23
Clinical Features
23
Investigations
23
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
24
Management
24
Treatment Issues
24
Specific Entities
25
Pulmonary Embolism
25
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Dyspnea
25
Pathophysiology
25
Clinical Features
25
Investigations
26
Diagnostic Issues
26
Management
26
Treatment Issues
26
Specific Entities
27
Pleural Effusion
27
Differential Diagnosis
27
Clinical Features
27
Investigations
28
Diagnostic Issues
28
Management
28
Specific Entities
28
Chronic Cough
29
Differential Diagnosis
29
Pathophysiology
29
Investigations
29
Management
29
Specific Entities
29
Hemoptysis
29
Differential Diagnosis
29
Pathophysiology
30
Clinical Features
30
Investigations
30
Management
30
Specific Entities
30
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
30
Differential Diagnosis
30
Clinical Features
30
Investigations
30
Diagnostic Issues
30
Management
31
Specific Entities
31
Pulmonary Hypertension
31
WHO Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
31
Pathophysiology
32
Clinical Features
32
Investigations
32
Management
32
Specific Entities
32
Interstitial Lung Disease
32
Differential Diagnosis
32
Clinical Features
33
Investigations
33
Diagnostic Issues
33
Management
33
Specific Entities
33
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
34
Differential Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders
34
Pathophysiology
34
Clinical Features
34
Investigations
34
Management
34
Treatment Issues
35
Specific Entities
35
Respiratory Acidosis: Hypoventilation
35
Differential Diagnosis
35
Pathophysiology
35
Investigations
35
Management
35
Respiratory Alkalosis: Hyperventilation
36
Differential Diagnosis
36
Pathophysiology
36
Investigations
36
Management
36
Approach to Chest Imaging
36
Approach to Chest X-Ray Intepretation
36
Chamber Enlargement
37
Lung Cavities
37
Focal Infiltrate
37
Diffuse Airspace Disease
37
Reticular Pattern
37
Nodular or Reticulonodular Pattern
37
Pleural-Based Disease
38
Hilar Enlargement
38
Mediastinal Masses
38
Signs for Disease Processes
38
CT Chest Protocols
38
Approach to Pulmonary Function Tests
38
Overall Approach to PFT Interpretation
38
Classification of Pulmonary Diseases
38
Terminologies
38
Flow-Volume Loop Patterns
39
Spirometry and Lung Volume Patterns
39
Analyzing DLCO
40
Notes
41
Cardiology
42
Aortic Dissection
42
Differential Diagnosis
42
Pathophysiology
42
Clinical Features
42
Investigations
43
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
43
Management
43
Acute Coronary Syndrome
43
Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain
43
Pathophysiology
43
Clinical Features
44
Investigations
44
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
44
Acute Management
45
Long-Term Management of Coronary Artery Disease
47
Treatment Issues
47
Pericardial Diseases: Pericarditis and Tamponade
49
Differential Diagnosis
49
Clinical Features
49
Investigations
50
Management
50
Specific Entities
50
Heart Failure
50
Differential Diagnosis of HF Exacerbation/Dyspnea
50
Pathophysiology
50
Clinical Features
51
Investigations
54
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
54
Acute Management
54
Long-Term Management
54
Treatment Issues
54
Specific Entities
55
Digoxin Intoxication
55
Differential Diagnosis
55
Pathophysiology
55
Clinical Features
56
Investigations
56
Diagnostic Issues
56
Management
56
Treatment Issues
56
Atrial Fibrillation
56
Differential Diagnosis of Palpitations
56
Differential Diagnosis of Narrow Complex Tachycardia
57
Differential Diagnosis of Irregularly Irregular Rhythm
57
Pathophysiology
57
Clinical Features of Narrow Complex Tachycardia
57
Clinical Features
57
Investigations
58
Acute Management
58
Long-Term Management
59
Treatment Issues
59
Syncope
60
Cardiac Examination
60
Pulse
60
Blood Pressure
60
Jugular Venous Pressure
60
Precordial Examination
61
Heart Sounds
61
Murmurs
62
Investigations
64
Aortic Stenosis
64
Differential Diagnosis
64
Pathophysiology
64
Clinical Features
64
Investigations
65
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
65
Management
65
Treatment Issues
65
Aortic Regurgitation
66
Differential Diagnosis
66
Pathophysiology
66
Clinical Features
66
Investigations
67
Prognostic Issues
67
Management
67
Mitral Stenosis
67
Clinical Features
67
Investigations
67
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
68
Management
68
Specific Entities
68
Mitral Regurgitation
68
Differential Diagnosis
68
Pathophysiology
68
Clinical Features
68
Investigations
68
Management
69
Specific Entities
69
Endocarditis
69
Differential Diagnosis
69
Pathophysiology
70
Clinical Features
70
Investigations
70
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
70
Management
71
Treatment Issues
71
Peripheral Vascular Disease
71
Differential Diagnosis of Claudication
71
Clinical Features
72
Investigations
73
Diagnostic Issues
73
Management
73
Treatment Issues
73
Specific Entities
73
Hypertension
74
Differential Diagnosis
74
Pathophysiology
74
Clinical Features
74
Investigations
74
Diagnostic Issues
75
Acute Management
75
Long-Term Management
75
Treatment Issues
75
Specific Entities
77
Hyperlipidemia
78
Differential Diagnosis of Hypercholesterolemia
78
Differential Diagnosis of Hypertriglyceridemia
78
Differential Diagnosis of Low HDL
78
Clinical Features
78
Investigations
78
Management
78
Specific Entities
79
Smoking Issues
79
Approach to ECG
79
Ten Steps to ECG
79
Chest Leads Placement
79
Rate and Rhythm
80
Tachycardia
80
Bradycardia and Prolonged PR
80
Prolonged QRS-Bundle Branch Block and Hemiblock
80
Prolonged QT
80
Hypertrophy Criteria
80
Ischemia/Infarct Morphology
81
Voltage Criteria
81
Differential Diagnosis of ST Elevation
81
Special Conditions
82
Notes
83
Nephrology
84
Acute Renal Failure: Pre-renal
84
Differential Diagnosis
84
Pathophysiology
84
Investigations
84
Diagnostic Issues
84
Management
85
Treatment Issues
85
Acute Renal Failure: Renal
85
Differential Diagnosis
85
Clinical Features
85
Investigations
85
Management
86
Specific Entities
86
Acute Renal Failure: Post-renal
87
Differential Diagnosis
87
Investigations
87
Diagnostic Issues
87
Management
87
Glomerulopathies
87
Pathophysiology of Glomerulopathies
87
Clinical Features
87
Nephrotic Syndrome
88
Nephritic Syndrome
88
Specific Entities
88
Chronic Kidney Disease
90
Differential Diagnosis
90
Pathophysiology
90
Clinical Features
90
Investigations
90
Diagnostic Issues
90
Management
91
Treatment Issues
91
Specific Entities
91
Proteinuria
91
Differential Diagnosis
91
Pathophysiology
91
Clinical Features
92
Investigations
92
Management
92
Specific Entities
92
Hematuria
92
Differential Diagnosis
92
Pathophysiology
92
Clinical Features
92
Investigations
92
Diagnostic Issues
92
Management
93
Specific Entities
93
Cystic Kidney Diseases
93
Causes
93
Investigations
93
Management
93
Specific Entities
93
Metabolic Acidosis
94
Differential Diagnosis
94
Investigations
94
Diagnostic Issues
94
Management
95
Specific Entities
95
Metabolic Alkalosis
95
Differential Diagnosis
95
Pathophysiology
96
Investigations
96
Diagnostic Issues
96
Management
96
Specific Entities
96
Hyponatremia
96
Differential Diagnosis of Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia
96
Pathophysiology
97
Investigations
97
Diagnostic Issues
97
Management
97
Treatment Issues
97
Specific Entities
97
Hypernatremia
98
Differential Diagnosis
98
Pathophysiology
98
Clinical Features
98
Investigations
98
Diagnostic Issues
98
Management
98
Hypokalemia
98
Differential Diagnosis
98
Pathophysiology
98
Clinical Features
99
Investigations
99
Diagnostic Issues
99
Management
99
Hyperkalemia
99
Differential Diagnosis
99
Pathophysiology
99
Clinical Features
99
Investigations
99
Diagnostic Issues
99
Management
100
Hypomagnesemia
100
Differential Diagnosis
100
Pathophysiology
100
Clinical Features
100
Investigations
100
Diagnostic Issues
100
Management
100
Hypophosphatemia
100
Differential Diagnosis
100
Pathophysiology
100
Clinical Features
100
Investigations
101
Diagnostic Issues
101
Management
101
Ureteral Calculi
101
Causes
101
Pathophysiology
101
Investigations
101
Diagnostic Issues
101
Management
101
Hypertension
101
Approach to Dialysis
102
Hemodialysis
102
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
102
Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
102
Notes
104
Critical Care
106
Intensive Care Issues
106
ICU Admission Criteria
106
Preventative Strategies
106
Sedation, Analgesia, Paralysis in the ICU
106
Differential Diagnosis for Weakness in the ICU
106
Procedures
106
Central Venous Saturation
107
Prognostic Issues
107
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
107
Brain Death
108
Hypoxemia
109
Differential Diagnosis
109
Pathophysiology
109
Investigations
109
Diagnostic Issues
109
Management
110
Treatment Issues
110
Specific Entities
110
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
110
Differential Diagnosis
110
Pathophysiology
110
Investigations
110
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
111
Management
111
Ventilation Issues
111
Mechanical Ventilation
111
Assessment of Airway
112
Artificial Airways
112
Ventilatory Settings
112
Weaning Ventilation
113
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
114
Shock
114
Differential Diagnosis
114
Pathophysiology
114
Clinical Features
115
Investigations
115
Diagnostic Issues
115
Management
116
Treatment Issues
116
Sepsis and Septic Shock
116
Pathophysiology
116
Investigations
117
Management
117
Lactic Acidosis
118
Differential Diagnosis
118
Pathophysiology
118
Investigations
118
Management
118
Rhabdomyolysis
118
Differential Diagnosis
118
Pathophysiology
118
Investigations
118
Diagnostic Issues
118
Management
118
Specific Entities
119
Toxicology
119
Approach to Overdose
119
Anticholinergic Syndromes
119
Sympathomimetic Syndromes
119
Cholinergic Syndromes
120
Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Overdose
120
Acetaminophen Overdose
120
Salicylate Overdose
120
Opiate, Sedative or Ethanol Intoxication Syndromes
120
Blocker Overdose
120
Calcium Channel Blockers Overdose
121
Lithium Toxicity
121
Diagnostic Issues for Overdose
121
Management of Overdoses
121
Alcohol Withdrawal and Complications of Alcoholism
122
Pathophysiology
122
Clinical Features
122
Investigations
123
Acute Management of Alcohol Withdrawal
123
Long-Term Management of Alcoholism
123
Treatment Issues for Alcohol Withdrawal
123
Specific Entities
124
Hypothermia
124
Causes
124
Pathophysiology
125
Clinical Features
125
Investigations
125
Management
125
Specific Entities
125
Smoke Inhalation
125
Pathophysiology
125
Clinical Features
125
Investigations
126
Management
126
Specific Entities
126
Anaphylaxis
126
Notes
127
Gastroenterology
128
Nausea and Vomiting
128
Differential Diagnosis
128
Pathophysiology
128
Investigations
128
Management
128
Dysphagia
129
Differential Diagnosis
129
Clinical Features
129
Investigations
129
Management
130
Specific Entities
130
Dyspepsia
130
Differential Diagnosis
130
Pathophysiology
130
Clinical Features
130
Investigations
131
Management
131
Specific Entities
131
Acute Abdominal Pain
132
Differential Diagnosis
132
Pathophysiology
132
Clinical Features
132
Investigations
133
Diagnostic Issues
134
Management
134
Specific Entities
134
Upper GI Bleed
135
Differential Diagnosis
135
Clinical Features
135
Investigations
136
Prognostic Issues
136
Management
136
Treatment Issues
136
Lower GI Bleed
137
Differential Diagnosis
137
Clinical Features
137
Investigations
137
Diagnostic Issues
137
Management
137
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbation
137
Differential Diagnosis
137
Pathophysiology
137
Investigations
138
Management
138
Treatment Issues
139
Acute Diarrhea
139
Differential Diagnosis
139
Pathophysiology
139
Clinical Features
140
Investigations
140
Management
140
Specific Entities
140
Chronic Diarrhea
141
Differential Diagnosis
141
Clinical Features
141
Investigations
141
Investigation Issues
141
Management
141
Specific Entities
141
Malabsorption Syndromes
142
Differential Diagnosis
142
Pathophysiology
142
Clinical Features
142
Investigations
142
Management
143
Specific Entities
143
Constipation
143
Differential Diagnosis
143
Investigations
143
Diagnostic Issues
143
Management
143
Specific Entities
143
Acute Liver Failure
145
Differential Diagnosis
145
Pathophysiology
145
Investigations
145
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
146
Management of Acute Liver Failure
146
Treatment Issues
146
Specific Entities
146
Hepatitis B
147
Pathophysiology
147
Clinical Features
147
Investigations
147
Diagnostic Issues
147
Management
148
Treatment Issues
148
Hepatitis C
148
Pathophysiology
148
Clinical Features
148
Investigations
149
Prognostic Issues
149
Management
149
Treatment Issues
149
Chronic Liver Disease: Cirrhosis
149
Differential Diagnosis
149
Pathophysiology of Chronic Liver Disease
149
Clinical Features
150
Investigations
150
Management
151
Specific Entities
151
Hepatic Encephalopathy
152
Differential Diagnosis
152
Pathophysiology
152
Clinical Features
152
Investigations
152
Management
153
Ascites
153
Differential Diagnosis
153
Clinical Features
153
Investigations
153
Diagnostic Issues
154
Management
154
Specific Entities
154
Jaundice
155
Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice/Hyperbilirubinemia
155
Pathophysiology
155
Clinical Features
155
Investigations
155
Management
155
Specific Entities
155
Acute Pancreatitis
156
Causes
156
Pathophysiology
156
Clinical Features
156
Investigations
156
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
156
Management
156
Specific Entities
157
Notes
158
Hematology
160
Polycythemia
160
Differential Diagnosis
160
Pathophysiology
160
Clinical Features
160
Investigations
160
Diagnostic Issues
160
Management
160
Microcytic Anemia
161
Differential Diagnosis
161
Pathophysiology
161
Clinical Features
161
Investigations
161
Diagnostic Issues
161
Management
161
Specific Entities
161
Normocytic Anemia
162
Differential Diagnosis
162
Pathophysiology
162
Clinical Features
162
Investigations
162
Diagnostic Issues
162
Management
162
Specific Entities
163
Macrocytic Anemia
163
Differential Diagnosis
163
Pathophysiology
163
Clinical Features
163
Investigations
163
Management
163
Sickle Cell Disease
164
Pathophysiology
164
Clinical Features
164
Investigations
164
Management
164
Specific Entities
165
Neutropenia
165
Differential Diagnosis
165
Pathophysiology
165
Investigations
165
Management
165
Treatment Issues
165
Specific Entities
165
Eosinophilia
165
Differential Diagnosis
165
Pathophysiology
166
Clinical Features
166
Investigations
166
Diagnostic Issues
166
Management
166
Specific Entities
166
Thrombocytosis
167
Differential Diagnosis
167
Pathophysiology
167
Clinical Features
167
Investigations
167
Diagnostic Issues
167
Management
167
Thrombocytopenia
168
Differential Diagnosis
168
Pathophysiology
168
Clinical Features
168
Investigations
168
Diagnostic Issues
168
Management
168
Specific Entities
168
Pancytopenia
170
Differential Diagnosis
170
Investigations
170
Diagnostic Issues
170
Management
170
Specific Entities
170
Bleeding Diathesis
170
Differential Diagnosis
170
Pathophysiology
171
Clinical Features
171
Investigations
172
Management
172
Specific Entities
172
Hypercoagulable States
173
Differential Diagnosis
173
Pathophysiology
173
Investigations
173
Diagnostic Issues
173
Management
173
Treatment Issues
173
Specific Entities
174
Deep Vein Thrombosis
175
Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Leg Swelling/Deep Vein Thrombosis
175
Pathophysiology
175
Investigations
175
Diagnostic Issues
175
Management
176
Treatment Issues
176
Specific Entities
176
Notes
176
Approach to Anticoagulation Therapies
177
Contraindications to Warfarin Therapy
178
Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis
178
Correction of Supratherapeutic INR due to Warfarin Use
178
Transfusion Reactions
179
Investigations
180
Indications for Specially Prepared Blood Products
180
Approach to the Peripheral Blood Smear
180
Terms
180
RBC Intracellular Inclusions
180
TellTale Morphologies
180
Splenomegaly
181
Differential Diagnosis
181
Clinical Features
181
Investigations
182
Management
182
Specific Entities
182
Myeloproliferative Disorders
182
Differential Diagnosis
182
Pathophysiology
182
Clinical Features
182
Investigations
182
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
182
Management
183
Treatment Issues
183
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
183
Hematologic Malignancies Overview
183
Pathophysiology
184
Clinical Features
184
Investigations
184
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
184
Management
184
Treatment Issues
185
Specific Entities
185
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
186
Pathophysiology
186
Clinical Features
186
Investigations
186
Prognostic Issues
186
Management
186
Treatment Issues
187
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
187
Differential Diagnosis of Lymphocytosis
187
Pathophysiology
187
Clinical Features
187
Investigations
187
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
187
Management
188
Treatment Issues
188
Specific Entities
188
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
188
Pathophysiology
188
Clinical Features
189
Staging
189
Investigations
189
Prognostic Issues
190
Management
190
Treatment Issues
190
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
190
Differential Diagnosis of Lymphadenopathy
190
Pathophysiology
190
Clinical Features
191
Staging
192
Investigations
192
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
192
Management
192
Treatment Issues
193
Specific Entities
193
Multiple Myeloma
195
Types of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
195
Pathophysiology
195
Clinical Features
195
Investigations
195
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
196
Management
197
Treatment Issues
197
Specific Entities
197
Febrile Neutropenia
197
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
197
Terminologies
197
Common Indications
198
Allogeneic Transplantation
198
Autologous Transplantation
199
Notes
200
Oncology
202
Lung Cancer
202
Pathophysiology
202
Clinical Features
202
Staging
203
Investigations
203
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
203
Management
204
Treatment Issues
204
Mesothelioma
205
Pathophysiology
205
Clinical Features
205
Staging
205
Investigations
205
Prognostic Issues
205
Management
205
Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma
206
Pathophysiology
206
Clinical Features
206
Staging
206
Investigations
206
Management
206
Treatment Issues
206
Breast Cancer
206
Differential Diagnosis of Breast Mass
206
Pathophysiology
206
Clinical Features
207
Investigations
207
TNM Staging
207
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
208
Management
208
Breast Surgery Overview
209
Hormonal Therapy Overview
209
Adjuvant Chemotherapy Overview
210
Palliative Chemotherapy Overview
211
Biological Therapy Overview
211
Management of Brain Metastases
212
Esophageal Cancer
212
Pathophysiology
212
Clinical Features
212
Staging
213
Investigations
213
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
213
Management
213
Treatment Issues
213
Gastric Cancer
214
Pathophysiology
214
Clinical Features
214
Staging
214
Investigations
214
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
214
Management
215
Treatment Issues
215
Colorectal Cancer
215
Pathophysiology
215
Clinical Features
216
Staging
216
Investigations
216
Management of Colon Cancer
216
Management of Rectal Cancer
217
Treatment Issues
217
Carcinoid Tumors
218
Pathophysiology
218
Clinical Features
218
Investigations
218
Management
219
Treatment Issues
219
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
219
Pathophysiology
219
Clinical Features
220
Investigations
220
Prognostic Issues
220
Management
220
Anal Cancer
220
Pathophysiology
220
Clinical Features
220
Staging
220
Investigations
221
Management
221
Cancer of the Exocrine Pancreas
221
Pathophysiology
221
Clinical Features
221
Staging
221
Investigations
222
Diagnostic Issues
222
Management
222
Treatment Issues
222
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
222
Differential Diagnosis of Focal Liver Lesion (by Ultrasound)
222
Pathophysiology
222
Clinical Features
222
Staging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer
223
Investigations
223
Diagnostic Issues
223
Management
223
Treatment Issues
223
Specific Entities
223
Renal Cancer
224
Differential Diagnosis of Solid Renal Mass
224
Pathophysiology
224
Clinical Features
224
TNM Staging
224
Investigations
225
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
225
Management
225
Specific Entities
225
Bladder Cancer
225
Pathophysiology
225
Clinical Features
226
TNM Staging
226
Investigations
226
Prognostic Issues
226
Management
226
Prostate Cancer
227
Pathophysiology
227
Clinical Features
227
Staging
227
Investigations
227
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
227
Management
228
Treatment Issues
229
Testicular Cancer
229
Pathophysiology
229
Clinical Features
230
Staging
230
Investigations
230
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
230
Management
231
Treatment Issues
231
Brain Tumors
232
Ovarian Cancer
232
Pathophysiology
232
Clinical Features
232
Staging
232
Investigations
232
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
233
Management
233
Treatment Issues
233
Endometrial Cancer
233
Pathophysiology
233
Clinical Features
234
Prognostic Issues
234
Staging
234
Investigations
234
Management
234
Treatment Issues
235
Cervical Cancer
235
Pathophysiology
235
Clinical Features
235
TNM Staging
235
Investigations
235
Management
235
Cancer of Unknown Origin
236
Pathophysiology
236
Investigations
236
Management
236
Tumor Markers
237
Pathophysiology
237
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
237
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
237
CA 19-9
238
CA 15-3
238
CA 125
238
Cancer Screening
239
Principles of Screening
239
Prostate Cancer Screening
239
Colon Cancer Screening
239
Breast Cancer Screening
240
Ovarian Cancer Screening
240
Cervical Cancer Screening
240
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
241
Hallmarks of Hereditary Cancer
241
BRCA Syndromes
242
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
242
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
242
Hereditary Malignant Melanoma
242
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC)
242
Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC, Lynch Syndrome)
242
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
243
Antineoplastic Agents
243
Oncologic Emergencies
245
Infusion Reactions
245
Malignant Spinal Cord Compression
245
Malignant Cauda Equina Syndrome
245
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
245
Hypercalcemia
246
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
246
Febrile Neutropenia
246
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
246
Pathophysiology
246
NCI-CTC Grading v4.0
246
Emetogenic Levels of Intravenously Administered Antineoplastic Agents
247
Management
247
Treatment Issues
247
Oral Mucositis
247
Pathophysiology
247
NCI-CTC Grading v4.0
247
Management
248
Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea
248
Pathophysiology
248
NCI-CTC Grading v4.0
248
Management
248
Notes
249
Infectious Diseases
250
Fever of Unknown Origin
250
Differential Diagnosis
250
Pathophysiology
250
Clinical Features
250
Investigations
250
Diagnosis and Prognostic Issues
251
Management
251
Fever and Rash
251
Differential Diagnosis
251
Clinical Features
251
Investigations
252
Management
252
Specific Entities
252
Fever and Joint Pain
253
Sepsis
253
Febrile Neutropenia
253
Differential Diagnosis
253
Pathophysiology
253
Clinical Features
254
Investigations
254
Management
254
Treatment Issues
254
Specific Entities
255
Fever with Travel History
255
Differential Diagnosis
255
Clinical Features
256
Investigations
256
Pre-Travel Considerations
256
Specific Entities
256
Pneumonia
258
Endocarditis
258
Meningitis
258
Differential Diagnosis for Fever and Neurological Symptoms
258
Pathophysiology
259
Investigations
259
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
260
Management
260
Specific Entities
260
Urinary Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections
261
Differential Diagnosis of Dysuria
261
Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infections
261
Clinical Features of Urinary Tract Infections
261
Investigations for Urinary Tract Infections
262
Diagnostic Issues for Urinary Tract Infections
262
Management of Urinary Tract Infections
262
Vaginitis
262
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
262
Soft Tissue Infections
264
Differential Diagnosis
264
Pathophysiology
264
Investigations
264
Management
264
Specific Entities
264
Osteomyelitis
265
Differential Diagnosis
265
Pathophysiology
265
Clinical Features
265
Investigations
266
Diagnostic Issues
266
Management
266
Specific Entities
266
Septic Arthritis
267
Tuberculosis: Pulmonary
267
Pathophysiology
267
Clinical Features
267
Investigations
268
Diagnostic Issues
268
Management
268
Treatment Issues
269
Approach to Gram Stain, Culture, and Sensitivity
269
Gram-Positive Cocci
269
Gram-Positive Bacilli
269
Gram-Negative Cocci
269
Gram-Negative Bacilli
269
Specific Organisms
270
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
270
Antibiotics
271
Gentamicin and Tobramycin Dosing
273
Once-Daily Gentamicin and Tobramycin Dosing
273
Vancomycin Toxicity and Dosing
273
Penicillin Allergy
274
Approach to Empiric Antibiotics
274
General Approach
274
Specific Infections and Empiric Antibiotic Choices
274
Hepatitis B
275
Hepatitis C
275
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
275
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
276
Risk Factors for HIV
276
Acute HIV Infection
276
Natural History of HIV
276
CNS Lesions in HIV Patients
276
Chronic Meningitis in HIV Patients
277
Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients
277
Esophagitis in HIV Patients
277
Hepatitis/Cholangitis/Pancreatitis in HIV Patients
277
Colitis/Diarrhea in HIV Patients
277
AIDS-Associated Malignancies
277
Education, Prophylaxis, and Immunization for HIV Patients
278
Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Patients
278
Therapeutic Decisions in HIV
278
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) in HIV Patients
279
Viral Hepatitis in HIV Co-infected Patients
279
Influenza
279
Differential Diagnosis
279
Pathophysiology
279
Clinical Features
280
Investigations
281
Management
281
Treatment Issues
281
Antiviral Agents
282
Fungal Infections
282
General Approach
282
Candidiasis
282
Aspergillosis
283
Zygomycetes (Mucormycosis)
283
Histoplasmosis
283
Cryptococcosis
284
Coccidioidomycosis
284
Blastomyces
284
Antifungal Agents
285
Indications for Voriconazole
285
Indications for Caspofungin
286
Treatment Definitions
286
Infection Control
286
Nosocomial Infections
286
Needle Stick Injury
286
Immunization for Adults
287
Principles
288
Notes
289
Rheumatology
290
Septic Arthritis
290
Differential Diagnosis of Monoarthritis
290
Pathophysiology
290
Clinical Features
290
Investigations
291
Diagnostic Issues
291
Management
291
Gout
292
Causes
292
Pathophysiology
292
Clinical Features
292
Investigations
292
Diagnostic Issues
292
Management
292
Treatment Issues
292
Specific Entities
293
Polyarticular Joint Pain and Fever
293
Differential Diagnosis
293
Clinical Features
293
Investigations
293
Management
294
Specific Entities
294
Rheumatoid Arthritis
294
Differential Diagnosis of Polyarthritis
294
Pathophysiology
294
Clinical Features
294
Investigations
295
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
295
Management
295
Specific Entities
295
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
296
Pathophysiology
296
Clinical Features
296
Investigations
297
Management
297
Specific Entities
297
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
299
Differential Diagnosis of Oligoarthritis
299
Clinical Features
299
Investigations
299
Diagnostic Issues
299
Management
300
Specific Entities
300
Back Pain
301
Differential Diagnosis
301
Clinical Features
301
Investigations
301
Diagnostic Features
301
Management
301
Specific Entities
302
Osteoarthritis
303
Differential Diagnosis
303
Pathophysiology
303
Clinical Features
303
Investigations
303
Diagnostic Issues
303
Management
303
Specific Entities
303
Fibromyalgia
304
Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Body Pain
304
Pathophysiology
304
Clinical Features
304
Investigations
304
Management
305
Specific Entities
305
Vasculitis
305
Differential Diagnosis
305
Pathophysiology
305
Clinical Features
305
Investigations
306
Management
306
Specific Entities
306
Approach to Serologies
309
Inflammatory Markers
309
Rheumatoid Arthritis
309
Lupus
309
Scleroderma
309
Sjogren’s Syndrome
309
Inflammatory Myopathies
310
Vasculitis
310
Joint Examination
311
Notes
313
Neurology
314
Brain Tumors
314
Pathophysiology
314
Clinical Features
314
Investigations
315
Prognostic Issues
315
Management
315
Treatment Issues
315
Specific Entities
315
Acute Stroke Syndromes
316
Differential Diagnosis
316
Pathophysiology
316
Clinical Features
317
Investigations
319
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
319
Management
319
Treatment Issues
319
Specific Entities
320
Cranial Nerve Examination
321
Specific Entities
322
Diplopia
323
Differential Diagnosis
323
Pathophysiology
323
Clinical Features
323
Investigations
324
Management
324
Specific Entities
324
Bell’s Palsy
324
Causes of Facial Droop
324
Pathophysiology
324
Clinical Features
324
Investigations
324
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues for Bell’s Palsy
324
Management of Bell’s Palsy
325
Specific Entities
325
Multiple Sclerosis
325
Differential Diagnosis
325
Pathophysiology
325
Clinical Features
325
Investigations
325
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
325
Management
326
Dementia
326
Delirium
326
Seizures
326
Differential Diagnosis
326
Pathophysiology
327
Clinical Features
327
Investigations
327
Diagnostic Issues
327
Management
327
Treatment Issues
328
Syncope
329
Differential Diagnosis
329
Clinical Features
329
Investigations
329
Management
329
Treatment Issues
329
Specific Entities
329
Neurocardiogenic (Vasovagal) Syncope
329
Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension
329
Migraine Headaches
330
Differential Diagnosis of Headaches
330
Clinical Features
330
Investigations
331
Diagnostic Issues
331
Management of Migraine Headaches
331
Specific Entities
331
Meningitis
332
Dizziness and Vertigo
332
Differential Diagnosis
332
Clinical Features
332
Investigations
332
Diagnostic Issues
333
Management
333
Specific Entities
333
Hearing Impairment
334
Differential Diagnosis
334
Clinical Features
334
Investigations
334
Management
334
Myasthenia Gravis
335
Differential Diagnosis of Ptosis
335
Pathophysiology
335
Clinical Features
335
Investigations
336
Management of Myasthenia Gravis
336
Specific Entities
336
Ataxia
336
Differential Diagnosis
336
Clinical Features
336
Investigations
337
Management
337
Subacute Combined Degeneration
337
Parkinson’s Disease
337
Classification of Movement Disorders
337
Pathophysiology
337
Clinical Features
338
Investigations
339
Investigations for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
339
Management
339
Specific Entities
339
Radiculopathy
340
Pathophysiology
340
Clinical Features
340
Investigations
340
Treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy
340
Specific Entities
340
Dermatomes
341
Myotomes
341
Brachial Plexus
342
Muscle-Nerve Function Correlation
342
Differentiating between Nerve Root and Peripheral Nerve Lesions
342
Specific Considerations
344
Peripheral Neuropathy
344
Differential Diagnosis
344
Clinical Features
344
Investigations
344
Management
344
Specific Entities
345
Peripheral Nerves
346
Muscle Weakness
349
Differential Diagnosis
349
Clinical Features
349
Investigations
349
Management
350
Specific Entities
350
Approach to Neuroimaging
350
Modalities
350
Approach to CT Head
350
Head CT Findings in the Elderly
351
Head CT Findings in Stroke
351
Notes
352
Notes
353
Endocrinology
354
Diabetes Mellitus
354
Classification
354
Pathophysiology
354
Clinical Features
354
Investigations
355
Diagnostic Issues
355
Acute Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
355
Specific Entities
356
Long-Term Management
356
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
357
Principles of Insulin Use
358
Starting Insulin for New Patients
358
Regular Insulin Dose Adjustment Principles
358
Sample Sliding Scale Template
359
Treatment Issues
359
Hypoglycemia
359
Differential Diagnosis
359
Pathophysiology
359
Clinical Features
359
Investigations
359
Management
359
Hypothyroidism
360
Differential Diagnosis
360
Clinical Features
360
Investigations
360
Diagnostic Issues
360
Management
360
Treatment Issues
360
Specific Entities
360
Hyperthyroidism
361
Differential Diagnosis
361
Pathophysiology
361
Clinical Features
361
Investigations
361
Diagnostic Issues
362
Management
362
Treatment Issues
362
Specific Entities
362
Solitary Thyroid Nodule
362
Differential Diagnosis
362
Clinical Features
362
Investigations
362
Diagnostic Issues
363
Management
363
Treatment Issues
363
Pituitary Tumors
363
Differential Diagnosis of Pituitary Tumors
363
Differential Diagnosis of Hyperprolactinemia
363
Clinical Features
363
Investigations
363
Diagnostic Issues
363
Management
364
Specific Entities
364
Polyuria
364
Differential Diagnosis
364
Pathophysiology
364
Investigations
364
Management of Diabetes Insipidus
365
Adrenal Incidentaloma
365
Differential Diagnosis
365
Pathophysiology
365
Clinical Features
365
Investigations
365
Diagnostic Issues
365
Management
366
Specific Entities
366
Adrenal Insufficiency
366
Differential Diagnosis
366
Clinical Features
366
Investigations
367
Diagnostic Issues
367
Management
367
Cushing’s Syndrome
367
Differential Diagnosis
367
Clinical Features
367
Investigations
367
Diagnostic Issues
368
Management
368
Treatment Issues
368
Specific Entities
369
Hypocalcemia
369
Differential Diagnosis
369
Pathophysiology
369
Clinical Features
369
Investigations
369
Management
369
Specific Entities
369
Hypercalcemia
370
Differential Diagnosis
370
Pathophysiology
370
Clinical Features
370
Investigations
370
Diagnostic Issues
370
Management
370
Treatment Issues
371
Specific Entities
371
Osteoporosis
371
Causes
371
Pathophysiology
371
Clinical Features
371
Investigations
372
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
372
Management
372
Treatment Issues
372
Specific Entities
372
Hypertension
373
Hyperlipidemia
373
Amenorrhea
373
Differential Diagnosis
373
Pathophysiology
373
Clinical Features
373
Investigations
374
Management
374
Hirsutism
374
Differential Diagnosis
374
Pathophysiology
374
Clinical Features
374
Investigations
374
Management
375
Specific Entities
375
Notes
376
Dermatology
378
Eczema
378
Differential Diagnosis of Pruritus
378
Pathophysiology
378
Clinical Features
378
Investigations
378
Management
378
Specific Entities
378
Psoriasis Vulgaris
379
Differential Diagnosis of Papulosquamous Lesions
379
Pathophysiology
379
Clinical Features
379
Investigations
379
Management
379
Specific Entities
379
Acne Vulgaris
380
Differential Diagnosis of Acneiform Lesions
380
Pathophysiology
380
Clinical Features
381
Investigations
381
Management
381
Treatment Issues
381
Specific Entities
381
Exanthematous Lesions
381
Differential Diagnosis of Exanthematous Lesions
381
Clinical Features
381
Management
381
Specific Entities
382
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
382
Differential Diagnosis of Vesicles/Bullous Lesions
382
Pathophysiology
382
Clinical Features
382
Investigations
383
Prognostic Issues
383
Management
383
Specific Entities
383
Ulcers
384
Differential Diagnosis of Ulcers
384
Investigations
384
Management
384
Specific Entities
384
Melanoma and Skin Tumors
385
Differential Diagnosis of Pigmented Lesions
385
Pathophysiology
385
Clinical Features
385
Investigations
386
Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues
386
Management
386
Specific Entities
387
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
388
Differential Diagnosis of Photosensitivity
388
Clinical Features
388
Investigations
388
Management
388
Specific Entities
388
Drug Eruptions
389
Differential Diagnosis
389
Investigations
389
Management
389
Specific Entities
389
Erythema Nodosum
390
Differential Diagnosis of Painful Nodules
390
Pathophysiology
391
Clinical Features
391
Investigations
391
Management
391
Clubbing
391
Differential Diagnosis
391
Pathophysiology
391
Clinical Features
391
Investigations
391
Management
391
Specific Entities
392
Dupuytren’s Contracture
392
Differential Diagnosis
392
Pathophysiology
392
Clinical Features
392
Management
392
Notes
393
Geriatrics
394
Geriatric-Specific Issues
394
The Frail Elderly
394
Comprehensive Geriatrics Assessment
394
Comprehensive Geriatric Management
394
Health Care and Financial Proxy
395
Competency Assessment
395
Dementia and Cognitive Impairment
395
Differential Diagnosis
395
Pathophysiology
395
Clinical Features
396
Investigations
396
Diagnostic Issues
396
Management
397
Specific Entities
397
Delirium
397
Differential Diagnosis
397
Pathophysiology
398
Clinical Features
398
Investigations
398
Diagnostic Issues
399
Management
399
Treatment Issues
399
Falls
399
Differential Diagnosis
399
Pathophysiology
399
Clinical Features
400
Investigations
400
Management
400
Osteoporosis
400
Urinary Incontinence
400
Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Urinary Incontinence
400
Differential Diagnosis of Transient Urinary Incontinence
401
Pathophysiology
401
Investigations
401
Management of Chronic Urinary Incontinence
401
Hearing Impairment
402
Pharmacological Issues in the Elderly
402
Principles of Drug Use in the Elderly
402
Under-Prescribing in the Elderly
402
Over-Prescribing in the Elderly
402
Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug-Drug Interactions
402
Notes
404
Palliative Care
406
Palliative Care-Specific Issues
406
Introduction
406
Symptom Complex and Assessment
406
Depression in the Palliative Setting
407
Care for Caregivers
407
Communication in the Palliative Setting
407
Decision Making in the Palliative Setting
407
Spirituality in the Palliative Setting
407
Diagnosis of Dying
408
Medication Administration in the Palliative Setting
408
Principles of Pain Control
408
Types of Pain
408
Pathophysiology
408
Management
409
Treatment Issues
409
Delirium
411
Cancer-Related Fatigue
411
Causes
411
Pathophysiology
411
Clinical Features
411
Investigations
411
Management
411
Dyspnea in the Palliative Setting
411
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Dyspnea
411
Pathophysiology
412
Investigations
412
Management
412
Treatment Issues
412
Specific Entities
412
Nausea and Vomiting in the Palliative Setting
412
Investigations
412
Management
413
Specific Entities
413
Constipation in the Palliative Setting
413
Differential Diagnosis
413
Pathophysiology
413
Investigations
413
Diagnostic Issues
413
Management
414
Anorexia-Cachexia
414
Differential Diagnosis
414
Pathophysiology
414
Differential Diagnosis
414
Investigations
415
Management
415
Treatment Issues for Anorexia-Cachexia
415
Communication Issues
416
Communication Techniques
416
Discussing Resuscitation Status
416
Breaking Bad News-The Gentle Art of Truth Telling
416
Prognostication in Far Advanced Cancer Patients
417
Reasons for Discussing Prognosis
417
Prognostic Factors
417
Prognostic Tools
417
Notes
419
Nutrition
420
Obesity
420
Complications and Associated Disorders
420
Pathophysiology
420
Investigations
420
Management
420
Treatment Issues
421
Malabsorption Syndromes
421
Anorexia-Cachexia
421
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
422
Differential Diagnosis
422
Pathophysiology
422
Clinical Features
422
Investigations
422
Management
422
Diet and Supplemental Nutrition
423
Introduction
423
Nutritional Assessment
423
Hospital Diet Types
423
Enteral Nutrition Overview
423
Routes for Enteral Feeds
423
Administration of Enteral Feeds
423
Enteral Nutrition Formulas
424
Additions to Enteral Feeds
424
Complications of Enteral Feeds
424
Parenteral Nutrition Overview
424
Components of Total Parenteral Nutrition
424
Refeeding Syndrome
424
Notes
425
Obstetric Medicine
426
Preeclampsia/Eclampsia/HELLP Syndrome
426
Differential Diagnosis of Hypertension in Pregnancy
426
Pathophysiology
426
Clinical Features
426
Investigations
426
Management
426
Pulmonary Diseases in Pregnancy
427
Asthma
427
Venous Thromboembolism
427
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
427
Cardiac Diseases in Pregnancy
428
Pathophysiology
428
Valvular Disorders
428
Myocardial Disorders
428
Rhythm Disorders
428
Hepatic Diseases in Pregnancy
428
Differential Diagnosis
428
Clinical Features
429
Investigations
429
Management
429
Specific Entities
429
Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy
429
Urinary Tract Infections
429
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
430
TORCHES Infections
430
Tuberculosis
430
Antibiotics
430
Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy
430
Diabetes in Pregnancy
430
Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy
431
Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
431
Other Disorders in Pregnancy
431
Seizures in Pregnancy
431
Lupus in Pregnancy
432
Breast Cancer in Pregnancy
432
Pain Control in Pregnancy
432
Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy
432
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome in Pregnancy
432
Notes
433
General Internal Medicine
434
Approach to Diagnostic Tests and Clinical Trials
434
Diagnostic Tests
434
Therapeutic Interventions
435
Smoking Cessation
435
Complications and Smoking-Associated Disorders
435
Pathophysiology of Smoking
435
Management of Smoking Cessation
436
Treatment Issues
436
Prognostic Issues
436
Multisystem Disorders
437
Selected MultiSystem Disorders
437
Hemochromatosis
437
Sarcoidosis
437
Amyloidosis
437
Cryoglobulinemia
438
Porphyria
438
Whipple’s Disease
439
Perioperative Assessment for Non-cardiopulmonary Surgery and Postoperative Complications
439
Perioperative Cardiac Risk Assessment
439
Perioperative Pulmonary Risks
440
Investigations for Perioperative Patients
440
Management of Perioperative Patients
441
Postoperative Complications
442
Medical Fitness to Drive
443
General Principles
443
Obtaining Consent for Medical Procedures
444
Consenting Process
444
Biomedical Ethics Issues
444
Ethics Judgment
444
Truth Telling
444
Informed Consent
444
Capacity
444
Battery and Negligence
445
Confidentiality
445
Futility
445
Euthanasia
445
Resource Allocation
445
Research Ethics
445
Conflict of Interest
445
Hospital Admission and Discharge Issues
446
Principles of Medical Management
446
Reasons for Admission
446
Rehabilitation Criteria
446
Discharge Criteria
446
Disposition
446
Notes
447
Appendix A Advanced Cardiac Life Support
448
Appendix B List of Common Abbreviations
449
Appendix C Common Laboratory Values And Unit Conversion
453
Appendix D History Template
457
Index
458
Selected Internal MedicineTopics
474
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.