Human Osteology

Contents

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Chapter 1:Introduction

1.1 Human Osteology

1.2 A Guide to the Text

1.3 Teaching Osteology

1.4 Resources for the Osteologist

1.5 Studying Osteology

1.6 Working with Human Bones

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 2:Anatomical Terminology

2.1 Planes of Reference

2.2 Directional Terms

2.3 Motions of the Body

2.4 General Bone Features

2.5 UsefulPrefixes and Suffixes

2.6 Anatomical Regions

2.7 Shape-related Terms

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 3:Bone Biology and Variation

3.1 Variation

3.2 A Few Facts about Bone

3.3 Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System

3.4 Gross Anatomy of Bones

3.5 Molecular Structure of Bone

3.6 Histology and Metabolism of Bone

3.7 Bone Growth

3.8 Morphogenesis

3.9 Bone Repair

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 4:Skull: Cranium and Mandible

4.1 Handling the Skull

4.2 Elements of the Skull

4.3 Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses

4.4 Skull Orientation

4.5 Craniometric Landmarks

4.6 Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy

4.7 Frontal

4.8 Parietals

4.9 Temporals

4.10 Auditory Ossicles

4.11 Occipital

4.12 Maxillae

4.13 Palatines

4.14 Vomer

4.15 Inferior Nasal Conchae

4.16 Ethmoid

4.17 Lacrimals

4.18 Nasals

4.19 Zygomatics

4.20 Sphenoid

4.21 Mandible

4.22 Measurements of the Skull: Craniometrics

4.23 Cranial Nonmetric Traits

4.24 Mastication

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 5:Teeth

5.1 Dental Form and Function

5.2 Dental Terminology

5.3 Anatomy of a Tooth

5.4 Dental Development

5.5 ToothIdentification

5.6 To Which Category Does the Tooth Belong?

5.7 Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous?

5.8 Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower?

5.9 What is the Position of the Tooth?

5.10 Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side?

5.11 Dental Measurements: Odontometrics

5.12 Dental Nonmetric Traits

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 6:Hyoid and Vertebrae

6.1 Hyoid

6.2 General Characteristics of Vertebrae

6.3 CervicalVertebrae

6.4 Thoracic Vertebrae

6.5 Lumbar Vertebrae

6.6 Vertebral Measurements

6.7 Vertebral Nonmetric Traits

6.8 Functional Aspects of the Vertebrae

Chapter 7:Thorax: Sternum and Ribs

7.1 Sternum

7.2 Ribs

7.3 Functional Aspects of the Thoracic Skeleton

Chapter 8:Shoulder Girdle:Clavicle and Scapula

8.1 Clavicle

8.2 Scapula

8.3 Functional Aspects of the Shoulder Girdle

Chapter 9:Arm: Humerus, Radius, and Ulna

9.1 Humerus

9.2 Radius

9.3 Ulna

9.4 Functional Aspects of the Elbow and Wrist

Chapter 10: Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals,and Phalanges

10.1 Carpals

10.2 Metacarpals

10.3 Hand Phalanges

10.4 Functional Aspects of the Hand

Chapter 11:Pelvis: Sacrum, Coccyx, and Os Coxae

11.1 Sacrum

11.2 Coccyx

11.3 Os Coxae

11.4 Pelvis

11.5 Functional Aspects of the Pelvic Girdle

Chapter 12:Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, and Fibula

12.1 Femur

12.2 Patella

12.3 Tibia

12.4 Fibula

12.5 Functional Aspects of the Knee and Ankle

Chapter 13: Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals,and Phalanges

13.1 Tarsals

13.2 Metatarsals

13.3 Foot Phalanges

13.4 Functional Aspects of the Foot

Chapter 14: Anatomical and BiomechanicalContext

14.1 Anatomical Conventions

14.2 Biomechanical Conventions

14.3 Interpreting the Figures

14.4 Cranium and Mandible

14.5 Clavicle

14.6 Humerus

14.7 Radius

14.8 Ulna

14.9 Os Coxae

14.10 Femur

14.11 Tibia

14.12 Fibula

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 15: Field Procedures forSkeletal Remains

15.1 Search

15.2 Discovery

15.3 Excavation and Retrieval

15.4 Transport

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 16:Laboratory Procedures and Reporting

16.1 Setting

16.2 Stabilization

16.3 Preparation

16.4 Restoration

16.5 Sorting

16.6 Metric Acquisition and Analysis

16.7 Photography

16.8 Radiography

16.9 Microscopy

16.10 Molding and Casting

16.11 Computing

16.12 Reporting

16.13 Curation

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 17:Ethics in Osteology

17.1 Ethics and the Law

17.2 Respecting the Dead: Appropriate Individual Behavior

17.3 Speaking for the Dead: Ethics in Forensic Osteology

17.4 Caring for the Dead: Considerations in the Curation of Remains

17.5 Custody of the Dead: “Repatriation” and the U.S. Native American Graves Protection and RepatriationAct

17.6 Ethics in Human Paleontology

17.7 Relevant Codes of Ethics and Ethical Statements

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 18: Assessment of Age, Sex, Stature, Ancestry, and Identity of theindividual

18.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Reliability of Determinations

18.2 From Known to Unknown: Using Standard Series

18.3 Estimation of Age

18.4 Determination of Sex

18.5 Estimation of Stature

18.6 Estimation of Ancestry

18.7 Identifying the Individual

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 19:Osteological and Dental Pathology

19.1 Description and Diagnosis

19.2 Skeletal Trauma

19.3 Congenital Disorders

19.4 Circulatory Disorders

19.5 Joint Diseases

19.6 Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations

19.7 Metabolic Diseases

19.8 Endocrine Disorders

19.9 Hematopoietic and Hematological Disorders

19.10 Skeletal Dysplasias

19.11 Neoplastic Conditions

19.12 Diseases of the Dentition

19.13 Musculoskeletal Stress Markers

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 20:Postmortem Skeletal Modification

20.1 Bone Fracture

20.2 Bone Modification by PhysicalAgents

20.3 BoneModification by Nonhuman Biological Agents

20.4 BoneModification by Humans

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 21: The Biology of Skeletal Populations: Discrete Traits, Distance, Diet, Disease, and Demography

21.1 Nonmetric Variation

21.2 Estimating Biological Distance

21.3 Diet

21.4 Disease and Demography

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 22:Molecular Osteology

22.1 Sampling

22.2 DNA

22.3 Amino Acids

22.4 Isotopes

Suggested Further Readings

Chapter 23: Forensic Case Study: Homicide: “We Have the Witnesses but NoBody”

23.1 A Disappearance in Cleveland

23.2 Investigation

23.3 Inventory

23.4Identification

23.5 Conclusion

Chapter 24: Forensic Case Study: Child Abuse, the Skeletal Perspective

24.1 Child Abuse and the Skeleton

24.2 A Missing Child Found

24.3 Analysis

24.4 The Result

Chapter 25: Archaeological Case Study: The Bioarchaeology of the StillwaterMarsh, Nevada

25.1 Background

25.2 Geography of the Carson Sink

25.3 Exposure and Recovery

25.4 Analysis

25.5Affinity

25.6 Osteoarthritis

25.7 Limb Shaft Cross-Sectional Anatomy

25.8 Physiological Stress

25.9 Dietary Reconstruction

25.10 The Future

Chapter 26: Archaeological Case Study: Anasazi Remains fromCottonwood Canyon

26.1 Cannibalism and Archaeology

26.2 Cottonwood Canyon Site 42SA12209

26.3 Discovery

26.4 Analysis

26.5 What Happened? The Osteological Contribution

Chapter 27: Paleontological Case Study: The Pit of theBones

27.1 Atapuerca

27.2 Discovery

27.3 Recovery

27.4 Paleodemography

27.5 Paleopathology

27.6 Functional and Phylogenetic Assessment

27.7 Continuing Mysteries

Chapter 28: Paleontological Case Study: “Ardi,” the Ardipithecus ramidus skeleton fromEthiopia

28.1 Background

28.2 Finding Fossils

28.3 The Geography, Geology, and Geochronology of Aramis

28.4 Discovering “Ardi”

28.5 Recovering “Ardi”

28.6 Restoring “Ardi”

28.7 Documenting “Ardi”

28.8 Studying “Ardi”

28.9 Publishing “Ardi”

Appendix 1: ImagingMethodology

Appendix 2: A Decision Tree (“Key”) Approach to ToothIdentification

Appendix 3: Online Resources forHuman Osteology

Glossary

Bibliography

Index