Advances in Laboratory Testing and Modelling of Soils and Shales (ATMSS)

Preface

Contents

Keynote Lectures

Hydro-mechanical Behaviour of Unsaturated Argillaceous Rocks

Abstract

Introduction

Material and Methods

Material

Suction Control

Mechanical Test

Experimental Results

Effect of Suction on the Mechanical Behaviour

Microstructural Observations

Acoustic Emission Activity

Conclusions

References

Plastic Deformations of Unsaturated Fine-Grained Soils Under Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Loads

Abstract

Introduction

A Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Model for Unsaturated Soil

Constitutive Variables

The Three Bounding Surfaces

Elasto-Plasticity

Test Apparatuses

Test Soils and Specimen Preparation

Test Program and Procedures

Series A: Mechanical Cyclic Shear Tests on CDT at Various Suctions and Temperatures

Series B: Heating and Cooling Cyclic Tests on Loess

Comparisons of Measured and Computed Results

Cyclic Stress-Strain Relations at Various Suctions and Temperatures

Effects of Number of Mechanical Load Cycles on Plastic Strain Accumulation at Various Suctions and Temperatures

Influence of Temperature on Plastic Strain Accumulation

Influence of Suction on Plastic Strain Accumulation of CDT

Volume Change Behaviour of Loess During Thermal Cycles

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Shale Capillarity, Osmotic Suction and Permeability, and Solutions to Practical Testing Issues

Abstract

Capillary Suction (Pore Water Tension) and Total Suction

Osmotic Suction

Permeability and Pressure Diffusivity

Consolidation Stage and Triaxial Loading Stage

Other Testing and Sample Handling Considerations

References

Modelling the Mechanical Behaviour of Callovo-Oxfordian Argillite. Formulation and Application

Abstract

Introduction

Formulation of the Constitutive Model

Instantaneous Response

Time-Dependent Response

Permeability

Comparison with Experimental Results

Coupled Hydromechanical Analysis of a C Excavation

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Intrinsic and State Parameters Governing the Efficiency of Bentonite Barriers for Contaminant Control

Abstract

Bentonite Structure

State Parameters

Validation of the Solute Transport and Swelling Model

Some Preliminary Comments

References

Multiscale Approach to Micro-Poro-Mechanical Modelling of Unsaturated Shales

Abstract

Introduction

Mathematical Model

Multiscale Representation of Clay-Shale

A Template for Homogenization: From Basic Unit (Nanometer) to Stack of Platelets (Micrometer)

Upscaling from Micro- to Macro-level

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Feature Lectures

Measurement of Supercritical CO2 Permeability in Porous Rock at Reservoir Conditions

Abstract

Introduction

Description of Test Device

Tests on Bentonite and Rock Samples

Conclusions

References

Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thin Clay Films and Comparison with Molecular Simulations

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Experimental Methods for Characterization of Hydromechanical Behavior of Self-standing Clay Films

Manufacturing of Samples

Measurement of Elastic and Creep Properties

Computational Methods for Characterization of Elastic and Creep Properties of Clay Particles by Molecular Simulations

Results and Discussion

Elastic Properties of Clay Films and Clay Particles

Creep Properties of Clay Films and Clay Particles

Conclusions

References

Advanced Meso-Scale Modelling to Study the Effective Thermo-Mechanical Parameter in Solid Geomaterial

Abstract

Introduction

Methodology and Mathematical Background

Modeling of Fracture Simulation by LEM

Modelling of Steady Heat Transport by LEM

Coupled Problem of Thermo-Mechanics by LEM

Simulation and Validation

Experimental Setup and Boundary Conditions

Simulation and Results

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Identification of Local Mechanisms in Clays and Energy-Based Modelling

Abstract

Introduction

Material and Experimental Method

Discussion Around the Experimental Results

Mix-Clay Behaviour at the Ultimate Critical State

Mix-Clay Behaviour on Isotropic Path

Micromechanical Approach and Physical-Chemical Effects – Case of Isotropic Loading

Microstructural Properties and Local Equations

Transition from Macro to Micro on the Isotropic Loading

Conclusion

References

Coupled Membrane and Diffusion Testing of Active Clays for Barrier Applications

Abstract

Introduction

Background

Membrane Behavior and Diffusion

Method of Measurement

Results

General Trends in Coupled Membrane and Diffusion Behavior

Effect of Effective Stress and Void Ratio

Limiting Behavior

Summary

References

Evidences of the Effects of Free Gas on the Hydro-mechanical Behaviour of Peat

Abstract

Introduction

Laboratory Tests and Experimental Data

Material Properties and Experimental Set up

Experimental Programme

Isotropic Undrained Unloading

Undrained Shear

Interpretation and Discussion

Concluding Remarks

References

Unsaturated Behavior of Soils and Shales

Use of Psychrometers, Capacitive Sensors and Vapour Transfer Technique to Determine the Water Retention Curve of Compacted Bentonite

Abstract

Introduction

Material: FEBEX Bentonite

Methodology

Results

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Water Content Effect on the Fault Rupture Propagation Through Wet Soil-Using Direct Shear Tests

Abstract

Introduction

Fault Rupture Tests Results

Soil Response to the Change of Water Content

Direct Shear Test Apparatus

Tests Programs

Direct Shear Test Results

Shear Stress-Strain Curves

Peak Strength Parameters

Conclusion

References

Specimen Preparation Techniques for Testing Fully and Partially Saturated Sands in Dynamic Simple Shear (DSS) Test Device with Confining Pressure

Abstract

Introduction

Dynamic Simple Shear w/Confining Pressure (DSS-C) Testing Device

Fully Saturated Sand Specimen Preparation Techniques

Specimen Preparation for DSS Device w/Confining Pressure

Saturation Setup

Partially Saturated Specimen Preparation Techniques

Resulted Values of Degree of Saturation for Different R Values

Problems Faced During Sample Preparation

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Measurement of Vertical Strain of Compacted Bentonite Subjected to Hydration Effort on Creep Test

Abstract

Introduction

Soil Materials and Testing Procedure

Soil Material

Modified Creep Test Apparatus

Creep Test

Test Results

The vertical deformations with elapsed time

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Response of Clay Rock to Moisture Change

Abstract

Introduction

Characteristics of Studied Claystones

Stress Concept

Laboratory Observations

Stress Response to Humidity Change

Strain Response to Humidity Change

Influence of Water Content on Strength

Moisture-Enhanced Sealing of Fractures

Conclusions

References

Volumetric Behaviour of Lime Treated High Plasticity Clay Subjected to Suction Controlled Drying and Wetting Cycles

Abstract

Introduction

Material Properties and Experimental Programme

Results Analysis

Conclusions

References

Crack Initiation and Propagation of Clays Under Indirect Tensile Strength Test by Bending Related to the Initial Suction

Abstract

Introduction

Material and Method

Material Properties and Specimen Preparation

Test Equipment

Results and Discussion

Analysis of the Global Behavior

Identification of the Local Behavior Using DIC Calculations

Discussion

Relationship Between Tensile Strength and Water Content

Relationship Between Tensile Strength and Suction

Conclusion

References

Evaluation of the Instantaneous Profile Method for the Determination of the Relative Permeability Function

Abstract

Introduction

Hydromechanical Formulation for Bentonite-Based Materials

Numerical Modelling of an Infiltration Test

Description of the Test

Features of the Analysis

Numerical Results

Evaluation of the Instantaneous Profile Method for the Determination of the Relative Permeability Function

Conclusions

References

Advanced Laboratory Testing

A Double Cell Triaxial Apparatus for Testing Unsaturated Soil Under Heating and Cooling

Abstract

Introduction

A Temperature-Controlled Double Cell Triaxial Apparatus

Calibrations of the Heating/Cooling System and Double Cell

Test Material, Program and Procedures

Volume Changes of Intact and Recompacted Loess During Heating and Cooling

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

A Suction- and Temperature-Controlled Oedometric Device

Abstract

Introduction

Description of Oedometric Device

Temperature Control

Relative Humidity Control

The Oedometric Cell

Comparison with Existing Devices

Results on an Unsaturated Sand

Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Acoustic Emission Technology to Investigate Internal Micro-Structure Behaviour of Shear Banding in Sands

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental Setup

Testing Materials and Apparatuses

Acoustic Emission (AE)

Test Result

Global Deformation Monitoring and Analysis

AE Event Monitoring and Analysis

Conclusion

References

Direct and Indirect Local Deformations of Sand in Undrained Cyclic Triaxial Tests by Image Analysis Technique

Abstract

Introduction

Test Materials, Apparatus and Procedure

Test Procedure of Image Analysis

Experimental Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

A New Laboratory Setup for Phase Equilibria Studies of Methane Hydrate in Porous Media

Abstract

Introduction

Phase Equilibria in Pore-Space

Preparation

Results

Discussions

Acknowledgment

References

An Experimental Platform for Measuring Soil Water Characteristic Curve Under Transient Flow Conditions

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental Methodology

Soil Column Configuration

Moisture Profile Measurement

Suction Profile Measurement

Accumulative In/Outflow Measurement

Result and Discussion

Validation of Experimental Platform

Preliminary result and reflection of setup problems

Concluding Mark

Acknowledgements

References

Determining Fluid Compressibility and Soil Permeability of Quasi Saturated Sand with the Alternating Flow Apparatus

Abstract

Introduction

Conceptual Model of Quasi-Saturated Sands

The Alternating Flow Apparatus

Model Tests

Compressibility of the Water-Gas-Mixture

Coefficient of Permeability

Finite Element Simulations

Concluding Remarks

References

Effect of Specimen Confinement Method on Simple Shear Test of Clay

Abstract

Introduction

Materials, Apparatus and Procedure

Results

Summary and Conclusions

References

Hydro - Mechanical Behaviour of Shales and Stiff Clays

Fractal Analysis of the Progressive Failure of Shales and Stiff Clays Under Shear

Abstract

Introduction

Fractal Evaluation of the Degree of Cracking

Fractal Dimension Concept to Measure the Degree of Cracking

Fractal Analysis of the Degree of Cracking in a Stiff Clay Subjected to Shear

Conclusions

References

Recent Developments in Measurement and Use of Fully Softened Shear Strength in the USA

Abstract

Introduction

Virginia Tech Workshop

Use of Fully Softened Shear Strength in Practice

Laboratory Test Methods Comparison

Direct Shear Procedures

Correlations for Fully Softened Strength Parameters

Conclusions

References

Chemical Influence of Pore Pressure on Brine Flow in Clay-Rich Material

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Development of Classification Charts for Q Index of Shale from the Parameters

Abstract

Introduction

Q Index

Discussion on Q Index Variation and Classification Charts for Shale

Conclusion

References

Exploring Fissure Opening and Their Connectivity in a Cenozoic Clay During Gas Injection

Abstract

Introduction

Air Injection Tests on Boom Clay

Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

Micro-computed Tomography and Image Analyses

Quantitative Comparison of Both Techniques

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Profiling the In Situ Compressibility of Cretaceous Shale Using Grouted-in Piezometers and Laboratory Testing

Abstract

Introduction

Hydrogeologic Setting

Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Influence of Surface Roughness of the Fracture on Hydraulic Characteristics of Rock Mass

Abstract

Introduction

Coupled Shear-Seepage Test of the JAW-600

Composition and Function of the Test System

Preparation of the Fractured Samples with Different Roughness

Experimental Conditions

Experimental Procedure

Analysis of the Influence of Surface Roughness on Hydraulic Opening

Analysis of the Influence of Joint Roughness on Transmission Rate

Conclusions

Opalinus Clay Shale

The Role of Anisotropy on the Volumetric Behaviour of Opalinus Clay upon Suction Change

Abstract

Introduction

Opalinus Clay: Shaly and Sandy Facies

Experimental Methodology

Results

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

1D Compression Behaviour of Opalinus Clay

Abstract

Introduction

Tested Shale

Experimental Methodology

Results and Analysis

One-Dimensional Compression Behaviour

Conclusions

References

Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test Results of Opalinus Clay and Comparison with Caprock Shales

Abstract

Introduction

Methodology

Sample Characterization

Determination of Appropriate Strain Rate

Sampling and Testing Procedure

Results

Undrained Elastic Parameters and Strength

Stress-Strain Behaviour

Comparison with Caprock Shales

References

One Dimensional Consolidation of Opalinus Clay from Shallow Depth

Abstract

Introduction

Tested Material

Experimental Device and Techniques

Specimen Preparation

High-Pressure Oedometric Cell

Test Results

Lausen Core (Shallow Subsurface)

Comparison with Mont Terri Core

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgement

References

Lessons Learned from Electron Microscopy of Deformed Opalinus Clay

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusion and Relevance

References

The Rock Mechanical Behavior of Opalinus Clay – 20 Years of Experience in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory

Abstract

Introduction

Sampling and Conditioning of Opalinus Clay

In-Situ Observations and Conceptual Models

Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Advanced Laboratory Testing for Site Characterization and In – situ Application Studies

Cyclic Testing on Low-Density Chalk

Abstract

Introduction

Sampling and Samples Description

Handling

Test Specification

Observations

Discussion

References

Long Duration Oedometric Tests to Analyse the Creep Behaviour of Lacustrine Sediments

Abstract

Introduction

Geological Context

Instrumentation and Methodology

Results and Interpretations

Conclusions

References

Deep Soil Mixing Method for the Bio-cement by Means of Bender Element Test

Abstract

Introduction

Methodology

Testing Materials

Kaolin Clay

Bangkok Sand

Bender Element Test

Test Results

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Studying of Shale Organic Matter Structure and Pore Space Transformations During Hydrocarbon Generation

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Research Methods

Experimental Procedure

Samples Collection

Results and Discussions

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

On the Application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation for Soils: A Multiscale Study

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental Details

Materials

Study at the Microscale

Mechanical Testing on Bio-cemented Samples

Scaling-up the Application of the MICP with Two Different Strategies

Strategy 1: Surface Percolation

Strategy 2: Mixing in a Grid of Bores

Results

Study at the Microscale

Mechanical Response Under Drained Triaxial Shear

Upscaling Strategies for the Application of MICP

Strategy 1: Surface Application

Strategy 2: Grid of Injection Points

Conclusions

References

Determination of Intergranular Strain Parameters and Their Dependence on Properties of Grain Assemblies

Abstract

Introduction

Hypoplastic Model

Intergranular Strain

Determination of Intergranular Strain Parameters

Stress Path Experiments

Material Properties

Sample Preparation

Stress Path Controlled Triaxial Test

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

Soil-Structure Interactions

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Energy Piles for Belgian Practice

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental Test Campaign

Finite Element Model

Comparison Between Experimental and Numerical Results

Conclusions

References

Drained and Undrained Analysis for Foundations Based on Triaxial Tests

Abstract

Introduction

Expected Behaviour of Raft Foundations in Drained and Undrained Conditions

Undrained Consolidated Triaxial Test on Clay

Test Procedure for Normally Consolidated Clay

Results for Normally Consolidated Clay

Test Procedure for Heavily Overconsolidated Clay

Results for Heavily Overconsolidated Clay

Discussion of the Test Results

Analytical Modelling of Raft Foundations in Undrained and Drained Conditions

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Impact of Thermally Induced Soil Deformation on the Serviceability of Energy Pile Groups

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental Testing

The Foundation and Site

Features of the Experimental Test

Numerical Modelling

Finite Element Model

Modelling Choices, Boundary and Initial Conditions

Classification of the Numerical Simulation and Material Properties

Comparison Between Experimental and Numerical Results

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Numerical Analysis of Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction in Soft Soil with Strong Nonlinearity and Its Validation by 1g Shaking Table Test

Abstract

Introduction

1g Shaking Table Test Method

FEM Modelling and Numerical Test

Shaking Table Test Vs. Numerical Test

Conclusions

References

On the Interface Shearing Behavior Between Granular Soil and Artificial Rough Surfaces

Abstract

Introduction

Model Set-up in PFC 3D

Scale Effect

Macroscopic Response of the Soil-Structural Interface

Formation of the Shear Band

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Constitutive and Numerical Modelling of Soils and Shales

Constitutive Framework for Unsaturated Soils with Differentiation of Capillarity and Adsorption

Abstract

Introduction

Thermodynamic Derivation and Justifications

General Assumptions

Macroscopic Mass Balance

Microscopic Mass Balance

Total Input Work to Unsaturated Soils

Conclusions

References

Coupled Analysis of CO2 Injection Induced Stress Variation in the Caprock

Abstract

Introduction

Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Formulation

Conceptual Model Characteristics

Influence of the Thermal-Mechanical Properties on the Caprock Stability

Conclusion

References

Efficient Parameter Identification for THM Behaviour of Claystone Using Optimization Methods

Abstract

Project Aim

3D Coupled THM-Simulation of a Heater Test

Sensitivity Analysis

Parameter Identification

Conclusions

References

A Thermodynamic Model for Rate-Dependent Geomaterials

Abstract

Introduction

Formulations of the TTS Model for Rate Dependency

Analyses of Rate-Dependent Parameters and Simulations

Conclusions

References

Thermo-Viscoplastic Subloading Soil Model for Isotropic Stress and Strain Conditions

Abstract

Introduction

Thermo-Viscoplastic Subloading Soil Model

Subloading, Dynamic Loading and Yield Surfaces

Viscoplastic Strain

Hardening Laws

Extension to Non-isothermal Conditions

Heating Tests for Different OCR Values

Final Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Numerical Simulation of Multi-phase Flow in CO2 Geological Sequestration

Abstract

Introduction

Governing Equations for CCS Numerical Simulation

Verification of the Numerical Method

Setup of Model A

Result of Model A

Setup of Model B

Result of Model B

Conclusion

References

Mechanics and Modeling of Cohesive Frictional Granular Materials

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental

Description of Constitutive Model

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

Numerical Modelling of Liquefaction Tests of Partially Saturated Sands in CSSLB

Abstract

Introduction

Overview of Cyclic Simple Shear Liquefaction Box (CSSLB)

Numerical Model of CSSLB Test Set-up on Shaking Table

Numerical Model of CSSLB

Partially Saturated Sand Analysis

Numerical Modelling of Cyclic Simple Shear Tests

Dynamic Model (Drained Conditions)

Numerical Analysis Results

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Aspects of Thermal Fracturing of Clays with Electromagnetic Excitation

Abstract

Introduction

Mathematical Model

Electromagnetism

Mass, Energy and Momentum Balance

Coupling Mechanisms

Numerical Study

Physical Model and Input Parameters

Simulation Results

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Reproduction of Discrete Element Model by 3D Printing and Its Experimental Validation on Permeability Issue

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental modeling of numerical simulation

Research scheme

Numerical simulation model made by DEM

Modeling of DEM simulated specimen for 3D printing

3D printing of DEM simulated specimen

Reproducibility of printed DEM specimen

Experimental validation of numerical simulation focusing on permeability

Test conditions of numerical simulation and experiment

Comparison of permeability between numerical simulation and 3D printed material

Conclusion

References

Author Index