Orbital Tumors - Diagnosis and Treatment

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contributors

Part One Current Concepts of Oncogenesis

1 Molecular Models of Cancer Development --- Domenico Mastrangelo

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

ONCOGENES

TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES

DNA MUTATIONS AND CANCER

NEW PERSPECTIVES ON DNA MUTATIONS

RELEVANCE OF MS ITO ORBITAL TUMORS

EPIGENOMICS: DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION

DO MUTATIONS MATTER IN CANCER?

2 Immune Surveillance and Cancer Pathogenesis --- Domenico Mastrangelo

IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CANCER

AGING AND ONCOGENESIS

VIRUSES AND ONCOGENESIS

IONIZING RADIATION, CHEMICALS, AND CANCER

RELEVANCE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO ORBITAL TUMORS

3 The Changing Nature and Behavior of Orbital and Periorbital Tumors --- Alan A. McNab

CHANGES IN THE INCIDENCE OF ORBITAL DISEASES OVER TIME

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND CANCER

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND INFECTION

OTHER VIRUS-ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS OF THE ORBIT AND OCULAR ADNEXA

CONCLUSIONS

4 Mechanisms of Tumor Metastasis in the Orbit --- J. Oscar Croxatto

CONCEPT OF METASTASIS

INVASION AND METASTASIS

DISSEMINATION AND METASTASES

TUMOR CELLS AND STROMAL INTERACTIONS

ORBITAL METASTASIS

METASTATIC DISEASE IN THE ORBIT

METASTASTIC DISEASE FROM PRIMARY ORBITAL TUMORS

CONCLUSIONS

5 Multiple Malignancies in Retinoblastoma ---- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

STUDIES OF THE GENE FOR Rb

TYPES OF SECOND MALIGNANCY

ROLE OF EBRT IN SECOND MALIGNANCIES

MANAGEMENT OF SECOND MALIGNANCIES

CONCLUSIONS

Part Two Diagnosis of Orbital Tumors

6 Clinical Evaluation of the Orbit --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

HISTORY

OCULAR EXAMINATION

ORBITAL EXAMINATION

7 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Evaluation of the Orbit --- Andrew G. Lee

HISTORY

EXAMINATION

ORBITAL IMAGING

SYSTEMIC DISORDERS THAT MAY AFFECT THE ORBIT

ORBITAL EXTENSION OF INTRACRANIAL DISEASE

CONCLUSIONS

8 Ultrasonography in Orbital Differential Diagnosis --- Amin M. Nasr and Grace Abou Chacra

ASSESSMENT OF ORBITAL LESIONS

ASSESSMENT OF THICKENING OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

OPTIC NERVE ASSESSMENT

LACRIMAL GLAND LESIONS

9 The Basics of Orbital Imaging Paul Rosel

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

10 Imaging in Orbital Differential Diagnosis --- Patrick De Potter

LESION APPEARANCE

LOCALIZATION

CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT

BONE EVALUATION

DETECTION OF CALCIFICATION

RADIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

CONCLUSIONS

11 New Concepts in Orbital Imaging --- Michael D. Abramoff

A DIAGNOSTIC PARADIGM

STATE OF THE ART OF ORBITAL TUMOR IMAGING

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN IMAGING

CONCLUSIONS

12 Orbital Biopsy --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Luis E. Remus III

EXCISIONAL BIOPSY

INCISIONAL BIOPSY

CORE BIOPSY

FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY

INTRAOPERATIVE BIOPSY(FROZEN SECTION)

SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY

METHODS USED IN TISSUE DIAGNOSIS

Part Three Primary Tumors of the Orbit

13 Orbital Lymphoma --- Bita Esmaeli and Misha Faustina

CLINICAL FEATURES

MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES

CLASSIFICATIO

INVESTIGATION

MANAGEMENT

14 Vascular Tumors --- Kaan Gündüz and Zeynel A. Karcioglu

CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA

CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA

YMPHANGIOMA

ORBITAL VARIX

HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA

ANGIOSARCOMA

INTRAVASCULAR PAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA

ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS AND MALFORMATIONS

LEIOMYOMA

ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA AND KIMURA DISEASE

15 Fibrohistiocytic Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

FIBROMATOSES

HISTIOCYTOSES

16 Fibro-osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

BONE-FORMING LESIONS

CARTILAGE-FORMING LESIONS

FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESIONS

FIBROUS LESIONS

GIANT CELL-RICH LESIONS

CYSTIC LESIONS

17 Peripheral Nerve Tumors --- Kaan Gündüz

SCHWANNOMA (NEURILEMOMA)

NEUROFIBROMA

MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR

GRANULAR CELL TUMOR

ALVEOLAR SOFT PART SARCOMA

AMPUTATION NEUROMA

MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR OF INFANCY

PRIMARY ORBITAL NEUROBLASTOMA

PRIMARY ORBITAL CARCINOID TUMOR

NEUROFIBROMATOSIS

18 Lacrimal Gland Tumors --- Yoon-Duck Kim

DACRYOPS (LACRIMAL DUCTAL CYSTS)

PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA (BENIGN MIXED TUMOR)

MALIGNANT MIXED TUMOR

ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA

ADENOCARCINOMA

MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA

OTHER TUMORS

19 Tumors of the Lacrimal Drainage System ---- Jeffrey J. Hurwitz

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MASSES IN THE LACRIMAL SAC FOSSA REGION1

LACRIMAL SAC TUMOR PRESENTATION

INVESTIGATION

CONCLUSIONS

Part Four Secondary Tumors of the Adult Orbit

20 Eyelid and Periocular Skin Tumors --- Georgina Kourt and Peter Martin

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

SEBACEOUS GLAND CARCINOMA

MELANOMA

THE SYDNEY EYE HOSPITAL EXPERIENCE

CONCLUSIONS

21 Conjunctival Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

CONJUNCTIVAL MELANOMA

22 Ocular Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Doris Hadjistilianou

RETINOBLASTOMA

CHOROIDAL MELANOMA

23 Tumors of the Cranial and Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

SECONDARY ORBITAL TUMOR SORIGINATING FROM THE SINONASAL TRACT

SECONDARY ORBITAL TUMORS ORIGINATING FROM THE CRANIUM

24 Metastatic Tumors --- J. Oscar Croxatto and Zeynel A. Karcioglu

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

CLINICAL FINDINGS

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS

ORIGINS OF METASTASES TO ORBIT

Part Five Pediatric Orbital Tumors and Pseudotumors

25 Benign Pediatric Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Johan Zwaan

DERMOID

DERMOLIPOMA

TERATOMA

MASS LESIONS SECONDARY TO ORBITOCRANIAL MALDEVELOPMENTS

CONGENITAL CYSTS

OTHER CYSTS

26 Malignant Pediatric Tumors --- Doris Hadjistilianou and Zeynel A. Karcioglu

PRIMARY TUMORS

SECONDARY AND METASTATIC TUMORS

Part Six Tumorlike Conditions in the Orbit

27 Orbital Inflammation and Infection Versus Neoplasia --- Antonio Augusto V. Cruz

INFLAMMATION MIMICKING NEOPLASIA

NEOPLASIA MIMICKING INFLAMMATION

“MALIGNANT” INFECTIONS

CONCLUSIONS

28 Graves Disease --- Daniel Weil and Guillermo A. Fridrich

PATHOGENESIS

SYSTEMIC CLINICAL FEATURES

ORBITAL HISTOPATHOLOGY

ORBITAL CLINICAL FEATURES

RADIOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS

29 Mass-Forming Inflammatory Lesions of the Orbit --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

INFECTIONS

NONSPECIFIC INFLAMMATIONS

SPECIFIC INFLAMMATIONS

Part Seven Management of Orbital Tumors

30 Staging of Orbital Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Barrett G. Haik

31 Surgical Treatment --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu

PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION

SURGICAL PLANNING AND PREPARATION

GENERAL SURGICAL CONCEPTS

INCISION

CORRELATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES WITH ANATOMY

SURGICAL PROCEDURES

COMPLICATIONS

32 Computer Image Guidance and Skull-Base Strategies --- Christopher R. Mascott and Zeynel A. Karcioglu

COMPUTER IMAGE GUIDANCE

TECHNIQUES AND SETUP

WHY USE IMAGE GUIDANCE IN ORBITAL TUMORS?

IMAGE FUSION FOR ORBITAL TUMORS

EXTENDED CRANIOTOMY APPROACHES AND THE ORBIT

RADIOSURGERy

BIOPSIES AND MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACHES

CONCLUSIONS

33 Radiation Treatment --- Paul T. Finger

TECHNIQUES

ORBITAL DISEASES

INTRAOCULAR TUMORSTHAT REQUIRE ORBITAL RADIATION THERAPY

SIDE EFFECTS OF ORBITAL RADIATION THERAPY

NEW FRONTIERS IN ORBITAL RADIATION THERAPY

CONCLUSIONS

34 Chemotherapy for Childhood Tumors --- Marta K. Rozans

TREATMENT OF CHILDREN

PRIMARY MALIGNANT ORBITAL TUMORS

MALIGNANT TUMORS WITH DISTANT ORBIT METASTASES

MALIGNANT TUMORS WITH SECONDARY INVASION OF THE ORBIT

NONMALIGNANT TUMORS

CONCLUSIONS

35 Chemotherapy for Adult Tumors ---- Matthew W. Wilson and Carlos Galindo-Rodriquez

INFLAMMATORY AND LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS

PRIMARY ORBITAL MALIGNANCY

SECONDARY ORBITAL MALIGNANCY

METASTASES

SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY

Index