Atlas of Oral Diseases - A Guide for Daily Practice

Preface

Acknowledgment of the Figures

Contents

1: Examination of the Oral Cavity, Referral to a Specialist, and the Biopsy Procedure

1.1 Examination of the Oral Cavity

1.1.1 Inspection

1.1.2 Palpation

1.1.3 Exfoliative Cytology

1.2 Referral to a Specialist

1.2.1 When to Refer?

1.2.2 To Whom to Refer?

1.2.3 What Information Should Be Given to the Patient?

1.2.4 Content of the Referral Letter

1.2.5 Timely Referral

1.2.6 Feedback from the Specialist

1.3 The Biopsy

1.3.1 When to Take a Biopsy?

1.3.2 Who Should Take the Biopsy?

1.3.3 The Importance of Proper Anesthesia

1.3.4 The Importance of Proper Tissue Handling

1.3.5 Excisional Versus Incisional Biopsy

1.3.6 Dimensions of the Biopsy Specimen; Multiple Biopsies

1.3.7 Which Instruments to Use for a Biopsy?

1.3.8 Perilesional Biopsy in Case of a Clinical Diagnosis of Vesiculobullous Disease

1.3.9 Labial Biopsy in the Diagnostic Work-Up of the Diagnosis of Sjögren’s Syndrome

1.3.10 Biopsy of a Bony Lesion

2: Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and Soft Tissues: General Aspects

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Angioedema

2.3 Cysts in the Soft Tissues

2.3.1 (Epi)dermoid Cyst

2.3.2 Heterotopic Gastrointestinal Cyst

2.3.3 Lymphoepithelial Cyst (“Oral Tonsil”)

2.3.4 Nasolabial Cyst

2.3.5 Mucous Retention Phenomenon or Mucous Cyst (Mucocele, Ranula)

2.3.6 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

2.4 Erythroplakia

2.5 Fibroma and Fibroma-Like Lesions

2.5.1 Fibroma

2.5.2 Lipoma

2.5.3 Mucinosis, Focal

2.5.4 Neurofibroma

2.5.5 Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma)

2.5.6 Neuroma

2.5.7 Pyogenic Granuloma (“Lobular Capillary Hemangioma”)

2.5.8 Mucosal Nodules in Sarcoidosis

2.5.9 Nodular Presentation of Sialoadenitis of Minor Salivary Glands

2.5.10 Fibroma-like Lesions or Nodules Caused by Salivary Gland Tumors of the Intraoral Glands

2.5.11 Fibroma-Like Swelling Caused by a Sialolith

2.6 Fordyce’s Spots

2.7 Fungal Diseases

2.7.1 Actinomycosis

2.7.2 Candidiasis

2.8 Hemangioma and Hemangioma-Like Lesions

2.8.1 Angina Hemorrhagica Bullosa

2.8.2 Phlebectasia (“Varicosity”)

2.8.3 Hemangioma and Arteriovenous Malformations

2.8.4 Kaposi Sarcoma, AIDS Related

2.9 Leukoplakia and Allied Lesions, Including Lichen Planus

2.9.1 Alveolar Ridge Keratosis

2.9.2 Aspirin Burn

2.9.3 Contact Lesion

2.9.4 Frictional Lesion (“Frictional Keratosis”)

2.9.5 Leukoedema

2.9.6 Leukoplakia

2.9.7 Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Lesions

2.9.8 Lichen Sclerosus

2.9.9 Linea Alba

2.9.10 Lupus Erythematodes, Discoid Type

2.9.11 Morsicatio

2.9.12 White Sponge Nevus

2.10 Lymphangioma

2.11 Metastases, Soft Tissues

2.12 Papillomatous Lesions

2.12.1 Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia

2.12.2 Papilloma (Squamous Papilloma)

2.12.3 Verruciform Xanthoma

2.13 Pigmented Lesions

2.13.1 Pigmentation Caused by Amalgam (Amalgam Tattoo) or Other Metals

2.13.2 Melanin Pigmentation

2.13.3 Nevus, Pigmented

2.13.4 Melanoacanthoma

2.13.5 Melanoma

2.14 Sarcomas of the Soft Tissues

2.15 Stomatitis

2.16 Submucous Fibrosis

2.17 Ulcers

2.17.1 Aphthous Ulcers

2.17.2 Ulcers in Viral Infections

2.17.2.1 Herpes Simplex

Primary Infection

Secondary or Recurrent Infection

2.17.2.2 Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

2.17.3 Ulcers in Mucocutaneous Diseases

2.17.3.1 Erythema Multiforme

2.17.3.2 Pemphigus Vulgaris

2.17.3.3 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

2.17.4 Ulcer in Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2.17.5 Traumatic Ulcer

2.17.6 Ulcers, Miscellaneous Etiologies

3: Diseases of the Lips

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Acanthosis Nigricans

3.3 Cheilitis

3.3.1 Cheilitis Actinica

3.3.2 Cheilitis Angularis

3.3.3 Cheilitis Exfoliativa

3.3.4 Cheilitis Fissurata (Fissured Lip)

3.3.5 Cheilitis Glandularis

3.3.6 Cheilitis Granulomatosa

3.4 Cleft Lip

3.5 Herpes Labialis

3.6 Keratoacanthoma

3.7 Mucocele

3.8 Other Lesions Occurring on the Lips

3.8.1 Arteriovenous Malformation (“Hemangioma”)

3.8.2 Double Lip

3.8.3 Granular Cell Tumor

3.8.4 Labial Pits

3.8.5 Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia

3.8.6 Lichen Planus

3.8.7 Lipoma

3.8.8 Malignancies Other Than Squamous Cell Carcinomas

3.8.9 Pyogenic Granuloma (“Lobular Capillary Hemangioma”)

3.8.10 Salivary Gland Tumors

3.8.11 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

3.8.12 Ulcers, Drug Related

3.8.13 Ulcer, Traumatic

4: Diseases of the Tongue

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Amyloidosis

4.3 Ankyloglossia (“Tongue Tie”)

4.4 Atrophy of the Mucosa of the Dorsum of the Tongue

4.5 Ectomesenchymal Chondromyxoid Tumor

4.6 Fissured Tongue (Lingua Fissurata)

4.7 Geographic Tongue (Lingua Geographica; Migrating Glossitis)

4.8 Glossodynia and Burning Mouth Syndrome

4.9 Granular Cell Tumor

4.10 Hairy Leukoplakia

4.11 Hairy Tongue (Lingua Villosa; Coated Tongue)

4.12 Lingual Thyroid

4.13 Lingual Tonsils

4.14 Macroglossia

4.15 Median Rhomboid Glossitis

4.16 Osteoma; Osteochondroma

4.17 Papillae Foliatae and Foliate Papillitis

4.18 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

4.19 Traumatic Eosinophilic Granuloma (Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosinophilia (TUGSE))

4.20 Varices and Phlebectasias

4.21 Other Lesions That May Occur on the Tongue

4.21.1 Aspirin Burn

4.21.2 Cowden’s Syndrome (Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome)

4.21.3 Erythroplakia

4.21.4 Fibroma

4.21.5 Kaposi Sarcoma

4.21.6 Leukoplakia

4.21.7 Lichen Planus

4.21.8 Lymphoepithelial Cyst

4.21.9 Morsicatio

4.21.10 Mucous Cyst

4.21.11 Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia

4.21.12 Papilloma

4.21.13 Pyogenic Granuloma

4.21.14 Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers

4.21.15 Salivary Gland Tumors

4.21.16 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

4.21.17 Syphilis

4.21.18 Tongue Piercing

4.21.19 Vascular Malformations

4.21.20 Vesiculobullous Diseases

5: Diseases of the Gingiva and the Alveolar Mucosa

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Cysts

5.2.1 Eruption Cyst

5.2.2 Gingival Cyst of the Adult

5.2.3 Gingival Cyst of the Newborn (“Dental Lamina Cyst of the Newborn”)

5.3 Epulis

5.4 Exostoses

5.5 Fibromatosis of the Gingiva

5.6 Gingivitis and Periodontitis

5.7 Pigmentations

5.7.1 Lead Line of the Gingiva (Burton’s Line)

5.7.2 Tattoos and Melanin Pigmentations

5.8 Lesions Arising from the Maxillary Sinus That May Extend into the Mouth

5.8.1 Chronic Oroantral Communication

5.8.2 Surgical Ciliated Cyst (Postoperative Maxillary Cyst)

5.8.3 Malignant Neoplasms Arising from the Maxillary Sinus That May Protrude into the Mouth

5.9 Some Other Lesions of the Gingiva and the Alveolar Ridges

5.9.1 Epulis of the Newborn

5.9.2 Leukoplakia and Leukoplakia Lesions and Erythroplakia

5.9.3 Lichen Planus

5.9.4 Melanoma

5.9.5 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy

5.9.6 Peripheral Giant Cell Lesion of the Edentulous Alveolar Ridge

5.9.7 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

5.9.8 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

5.10 Some Syndromes with Gingival Involvement

5.10.1 Cowden Syndrome

5.10.2 Neurofibromatosis

5.10.3 Tuberous Sclerosis

6: Diseases of the Palate

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Angina Hemorrhagica Bullosa (Blood Blister)

6.3 Midline Granuloma

6.4 Mucormycosis

6.5 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst

6.6 Palatal Ulcer Due to the Use of Local Anesthetics

6.7 Papillomatosis of the Palate

6.8 Salivary Gland Tumors

6.9 Stomatitis Nicotina

6.10 Subacute Necrotizing Sialoadenitis (SANS)

6.11 Torus Palatinus

6.12 Some Other Lesions of the Palate

6.12.1 Candidiasis

6.12.2 Darier-White Disease

6.12.3 Fellatio

6.12.4 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

6.12.5 Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia

6.12.6 Lichen Planus

6.12.7 Metastases

6.12.8 Multiple Myelomas (Kahler’s Disease)

6.12.9 Nevus Pigmented

6.12.10 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Incl. Lymphoid Hyperplasia)

6.12.11 Odontogenic Fistula

6.12.12 Palatal Perforation Due to Cocaine Abuse

6.12.13 Palatal Tooth Eruption

6.12.14 Pyogenic Granuloma

6.12.15 Reverse Smoking

6.12.16 Sarcoidosis

6.12.17 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

7: Diseases of the Jaw Bones

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Cysts of the Jaw Bones

7.2.1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

7.2.2 Simple Bone Cyst

7.2.3 Latent Bone Cyst (Stafne’s Bone Cyst)

7.3 Cysts and Tumors of Odontogenic Origin

7.3.1 Odontogenic Cysts

7.3.1.1 Developmental Odontogenic Cysts

Primordial Cyst

Follicular (Dentigerous) Cyst

Lateral Periodontal Cyst (Incl. Botryoid Odontogenic Cyst)

Keratinizing Odontogenic Cyst

Sialo-odontogenic Cyst

7.3.1.2 Inflammatory Odontogenic Cysts

Radicular Cyst

Residual (Radicular) Cyst

Paradental Cyst (Incl. Mandibular Buccal Infected Cyst)

7.3.2 Odontogenic Tumors

7.3.2.1 Ameloblastoma

7.3.2.2 Cementoblastoma

7.3.2.3 Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor (“Keratocyst”)

7.3.2.4 Odontogenic Myxoma

7.3.2.5 Odontoma

7.4 Exostoses

7.5 Fibro-osseous Diseases

7.5.1 Fibrous Dysplasia

7.5.2 Osseous Dysplasia (Incl. Periapical Osseous Dysplasia)

7.5.3 Ossifying Fibroma

7.6 Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect

7.7 Giant Cell Lesion, Central (Intraosseous)

7.8 Hemangioma (Arteriovenous Malformation), Central/Intraosseous

7.9 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)

7.10 Lymphoreticular Diseases

7.10.1 Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

7.10.2 Burkitt’s Lymphoma

7.10.3 Multiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease)

7.11 Metastases

7.12 Osteoma

7.13 Osteomyelitis and Allied Inflammatory Lesions and Disorders

7.13.1 Alveolitis

7.13.2 Lingual Sequestrum

7.13.3 Osteomyelitis (Incl. Periostitis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis)

7.13.4 Periapical Granuloma

7.14 Sarcomas of the Bone

7.14.1 Chondrosarcoma

7.14.2 Ewing’s Sarcoma

7.14.3 Osteosarcoma

7.15 Some Uncommon Generalized Bone Diseases and Syndromes Involving the Jaw Bones

7.15.1 Cherubism

7.15.2 Cleidocranial Dysplasia

7.15.3 Cortical Hyperostosis (Van Buchem’s Disease)

7.15.4 Ectodermal Dysplasia

7.15.5 Gardner’s Syndrome

7.15.6 Hyperparathyroidism, Primary

7.15.7 Osteopetrosis

7.15.8 Paget’s Disease

7.15.9 Pseudohypoparathyroidism

7.15.10 Pycnodysostosis

7.15.11 Thalassemia

7.16 Overprojection of Opaque Structures in the Jaw Bones or the Oral and Perioral Soft Tissues

7.16.1 Calcifications of the Carotid Artery

7.16.2 Other Opacities Projected on a Radiograph

Index