Representation and Understanding - Studies in Cognitive Science

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Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science

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Dedication

Table of Contents

PREFACE

Part I: Theory of Representation

CHAPTER 1. DIMENSIONS OF REPRESENTATION

I. INTRODUCTION

II. DOMAIN AND RANGE

III. OPERATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE

IV. THE MAPPING PROCESS

V. INFERENCE

VI. ACCESS

VII. MATCHING

VIII. SELF-AWARENESS

IX. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2. WHAT'S IN A LINK: Foundations for Semantic Networks

I. INTRODUCTION

II. WHAT IS SEMANTICS?

III. SEMANTICS AND SEMANTIC NETWORKS

IV. PROBLEMS IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION

V. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3. REFLECTIONS ON THE FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF BEHAVIOR

I. INTRODUCTION

II. HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION OF PROCESSES

III. CONFLICTS

IV. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

V. THE RELATIVITY OF BEHAVIORAL DESCRIPTION

VI. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CHAPTER 4. SYSTEMATIC UNDERSTANDING: Synthesis, Analysis, and Contingent Knowledge in Specialized Understanding Systems

I. INTRODUCTION

II. THE SCA MODEL

III. THE ELEMENTS OF THE SCA MODEL

IV. COMMENTS ON REPRESENTATION ISSUES

V. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Part II: New Memory Models

CHAPTER 5. SOME PRINCIPLES OF MEMORY SCHEMATA

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MEMORY ACCESS USING DESCRIPTIONS

III. PROCESSING STRUCTURES

IV. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6. A FRAME FOR FRAMES: Representing Knowledge for Recognition

I. INTRODUCTION

II. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF FRAMES

III. AN EXAMPLE: BLOCKS WORLD RECOGNITION

IV. WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN?

V. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7. FRAME REPRESENTATIONS AND THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL CONTROVERSY

I. INTRODUCTION

IL THE SIMPLE ISSUES

III. SOME UNDERLYING ISSUES

IV. STEPS TOWARD A MIDDLE

V. A FIRST ATTEMPT AT SYNTHESIS

VI. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Part III: Higher Level Structures

CHAPTER 8. NOTES ON A SCHEMA FOR STORIES

I. INTRODUCTION

II. A SIMPLE STORY GRAMMAR

III. ANALYZING A STORY

IV. SUMMARIZING STORIES

V. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9. THE STRUCTURE OF EPISODES IN MEMORY

I. INTRODUCTION

II. CONCEPTUAL DEPENDENCY

III. UNDERSTANDING PARAGRAPHS

IV. LONG-TERM MEMORY

V. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

APPENDIX: CONCEPTUAL DEPENDENCY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10. CONCEPTS FOR REPRESENTING MUNDANE REALITY IN PLANS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. PRIMITIVE STEPS IN PLANS

III. SPECIFIC STATES AND DELTACTS

IV· PLANS

V. ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Part IV: Semantic Knowledge in Understander Systems

CHAPTER 11. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS OF KNOWLEDGEFOR TUTORIAL REASONING

I. INTRODUCTION

II. NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING

III. ON INFERENCING

IV. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12. THE ROLE OF SEMANTICS IN AUTOMATIC SPEECH UNDERSTANDING

I. INTRODUCTION

II. FORMS OF SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE

III. RECENT SPEECH UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH

IV. THE SPEECHLIS ENVIRONMENT

V. SPEECHLIS SEMANTICS

VI. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 13. REASONING FROM INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE

I. INTRODUCTION

II. OPEN VERSUS CLOSED WORLDS

III. NEGATIVE INFERENCES

IV. FUNCTIONAL INFERENCES

V. LEARNING TO REASON

VI. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

AUTHOR INDEX

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