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PREFACE
8
CONTENTS
10
CONTRIBUTORS
14
INTRODUCTION
20
ORGANIZATION
22
INTRODUCTION TO RIS AND PACS
26
THE RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEM
30
THE PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
32
CONCLUSION
42
PACS STRATEGIC PLAN AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT
44
WHY DO YOU NEED A PACS STRATEGIC PLAN?
44
WHAT IS IN THE PACS STRATEGIC PLAN?
45
PACS STRATEGIC PLANNING: OPERATIONS
46
PACS STRATEGIC PLANNING: TECHNICAL
58
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
60
CONCLUSION
61
CREATING THE PACS REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL AND SELECTING A VENDOR
62
RFP CONTENT
64
DISTRIBUTING THE RFP
82
VENDOR EVALUATION AND SELECTION PROCESS
82
NEGOTIATE THE CONTRACT
87
CONCLUSION
88
REFERENCE
88
REENGINEERING WORKFLOW: A FOCUS ON PERSONNEL AND PROCESS
90
ANALYZING WORKFLOW FROM THE PERSONNEL PERSPECTIVE
93
ANALYZING WORKFLOW FROM THE QUEUING PERSPECTIVE
102
THE ROLE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE IN WORKFLOW AND PRODUCTIVITY
106
CONCLUSION
108
REFERENCES
109
REENGINEERING WORKFLOW: THE RADIOLOGIST’S PERSPECTIVE
114
BACKGROUND
116
PREPARING FOR INTERPRETATION: WORKLISTS, ARCHIVE ACCESS, AND INITIAL DISPLAY
116
THE INTERPRETATION PROCESS
123
CHANGING THE REPORTING PARADIGM
127
THE EFFECT OF CHANGED RADIOLOGIST WORKFLOW ON ENTERPRISE INTERACTIONS
129
THE READING ROOM ENVIRONMENT AND WORKFLOW
133
AUDITING THE RADIOLOGIST WORKFLOW PROCESS
134
CONCLUSION
135
REFERENCES
136
FINANCIAL MODELING
142
ANALYSIS METHODS
142
RISKS OF PACS IMPLEMENTATION
148
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
150
BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS AND FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTS
152
COSTS
154
COST REDUCTION AND REVENUE ENHANCEMENT
155
COMPETITIVE IMPACT
160
REFERENCES
160
LEGAL ISSUES AND FORMAL POLICIES
162
THE CURRENT SITUATION
163
STANDARDS AND POLICIES OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
165
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
171
RELATED LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
180
CONCLUSION
184
REFERENCES
184
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
190
INPUT
191
OUTPUT
192
MEMORY
192
PROCESSING
193
THE BUS
194
OPERATING SYSTEMS
195
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
196
APPLICATION PROGRAMS
197
CONCLUSION
198
DIGITAL IMAGING FUNDAMENTALS
200
WHY IMAGING?
201
DIGITAL IMAGES
201
SHADES OF GRAY
202
IMAGE PROCESSING
203
IMAGE ANALYSIS
204
IMAGE UNDERSTANDING
204
CONCLUSION
204
IMAGE ACQUISITION
206
INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE ACQUISITION
207
ACQUISITION OF THE NATIVE DIGITAL CROSS- SECTIONAL MODALITIES
211
ACQUISITION OF PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY
213
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL FOR ACQUISITION
234
FUTURE TRENDS IN IMAGE ACQUISITION
237
CONCLUSION
239
REFERENCES
242
IMAGE COMPRESSION
246
IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGIES
248
APPLICATION TO MEDICAL IMAGING
252
THE FUTURE
259
REFERENCES
262
PACS ARCHITECTURE
266
WHAT IS PACS ARCHITECTURE?
267
COMPARISON OF PACS ARCHITECTURES
274
MEDICAL- LEGAL ARCHIVE
279
SOLUTION REQUIREMENTS
283
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
286
FOR REFERENCE: THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION MODEL
287
A SIMPLE NETWORK
288
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN BUILDING A NETWORK
304
A REAL- WORLD EXAMPLE
306
PACS NETWORKS
308
FUTURE TRENDS
316
SERVERS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS
320
THE PACS CORE ( SERVERS)
321
DISASTER RECOVERY
327
OPERATING SYSTEM SECURITY AND POLICIES
329
PASSWORD CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES
331
VIRUSES, TROJANS, AND WORMS
333
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
334
GLOSSARY
334
STORAGE AND ENTERPRISE ARCHIVING
336
HARD DRIVES
338
DISK ARRAYS AND INTERFACES
340
RELIABILITY AND CALCULATING MEAN TIME TO FAILURE
341
REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INEXPENSIVE DISKS
342
ROLE OF THE FILE SYSTEM
344
DIRECT ATTACHED STORAGE, STORAGE AREA NETWORKS, AND NETWORK ATTACHED STORAGE
345
GRID STORAGE
351
CONTENT ADDRESSABLE STORAGE
351
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND STORAGE
353
NEAR- LINE TECHNOLOGY
353
ROLE OF THE HIERARCHICAL STORAGE MANAGER BETWEEN ONLINE AND NEAR- LINE STORAGE
356
CONCLUSION
357
ABBREVIATIONS
357
REFERENCES
359
SUGGESTED READING
360
IMAGE DISPLAYS
364
HISTORY
364
HOW MANY MONITORS?
366
PHYSICAL SIZE
367
RESOLUTION AND PIXEL PITCH
368
LUMINANCE
371
CALIBRATION
372
MOUNT
375
GRAPHICS CARDS
375
GRAYSCALE VERSUS COLOR AND MEDICAL GRADE VERSUS CONSUMER GRADE
378
OPERATING ROOM DISPLAYS
379
DISPLAY ERGONOMICS
379
DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
380
IMAGE ACQUISITION
381
IMAGE RETRIEVAL
384
IMAGE DISPLAY
385
WORKSTATION DESIGN
387
INTERACTION BETWEEN MULTIPLE SYSTEMS
388
REFERENCES
388
WEB DISTRIBUTION
390
THE INTERNET
391
HOSPITAL- WIDE IMAGE DISTRIBUTION
393
COSTS
395
INFRASTRUCTURE
395
CLIENT
396
EXAMPLE: THE WEB EXPERIENCE AT MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL
397
CONCLUSION
399
PACS WORKSTATION SOFTWARE
402
BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS
402
A BRIEF HISTORY
403
THE ROLES OF THE WORKSTATION
405
WORKSTATION HARDWARE
408
WORKSTATION SOFTWARE: SOFTWARE FOR OPERATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
409
THE USER INTERFACE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
416
SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
419
IMPLEMENTATION
424
WORKSTATION ENVIRONMENTS
434
CONCLUSION
443
REFERENCES
443
BREAST IMAGING, COMPUTER- AIDED DETECTION, AND COMPUTERASSISTED CLASSIFICATION
450
COMPUTER- AIDED DETECTION AND COMPUTER- ASSISTED CLASSIFICATION
452
PACS AND BREAST IMAGING
458
REFERENCES
460
THREEDIMENSIONAL IMAGING IN RADIOLOGY
464
CLINICAL THREE- DIMENSIONAL IMAGING SERVICES
468
THREE- DIMENSIONAL IMAGING SERVICE — STAFFING ISSUES
474
WHEN AND HOW TO CHARGE FOR THREE- DIMENSIONAL IMAGING
475
CONCLUSION
480
REFERENCES
480
VOICE RECOGNITION
484
HISTORY
485
ACCEPTANCE AND CONTINUED INTEREST
486
RESISTANCE TO ADOPTION
487
CURRENT OFFERINGS
487
COST SAVINGS
498
REPORT TURNAROUND
499
CONCLUSION
499
ORDER ENTRY IN RADIOLOGY
500
PRINCIPLES
501
DESIGN
502
ADVANTAGES
505
PROBLEMS
508
THE FUTURE
508
REFERENCES
509
DIGITAL TEACHING FILES AND EDUCATION
512
MEDICAL IMAGE RESOURCE CENTER
513
OTHER TEACHING FILE RESOURCES
517
SPECIFICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING FILES
518
INTEGRATING THE HEALTHCARE ENTERPRISE TEACHING FILE INFORMATION EXPORT PROFILE
518
TYPES OF TEACHING CASES
520
WORKFLOW INTEGRATION
520
SHARING CASES WITH COLLEAGUES
520
MEDICAL IMAGE RESOURCE CENTER COMPATIBILITY
521
ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD INTEGRATION
522
PERSISTENCE
523
ANONYMIZATION
523
DEPTH
524
QUALITY ASSURANCE
525
AUTHORING TOOLS
525
USER ROLES
526
POST- PROCESSING
527
IMAGING INFORMATICS EDUCATION
528
CONCLUSION
537
REFERENCES
537
TELERADIOLOGY
540
IMAGE ACQUISITION AND IMAGE DIGITIZATION
541
IMAGE COMPRESSION
543
IMAGE TRANSMISSION
546
IMAGE INTERPRETATION
547
ACCURACY OF TELERADIOLOGY
547
APPLICATIONS OF TELERADIOLOGY
550
MEETING THE GOALS OF TELERADIOLOGY
553
LEGAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES
559
CONCLUSION
564
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
564
REFERENCES
564
APPENDIX
567
INDEX
578
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