Health Assets in a Global Context - Theory, Methods, Action

The Chapters

Chapter 1: Revitalising the Public Health Evidence Base: An Asset Model

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What Are Health Assets?

1.3 Developing the Asset Model

1.4 Using Salutogenesis to Build an Evidence Base for Health

1.5 Assets in Action

1.6 Assets and Evaluation

1.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: A Salutogenic Approach to Tackling Health Inequalities

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Background

2.3 The Present: From Modernity to Post-Modernity

2.4 The Issue of Health Once Again

2.5 An Interdisciplinary Framework to Health?

2.6 Welfare as a Prerequisite for Well-Being

2.7 Can Learning Be Conducive to Mental Well-Being?

2.8 Positive Concepts of Mental Health Within Social Psychology

2.9 Methodological Problems in Assessment of Happiness, Well-Being and Quality of Life

2.10 The Concept of Resilience

2.11 The Salutogenic Framework

2.12 Contemporary Evidence on SOC and Especially in Relation to Culture and/or Mental Well-Being, Quality of Life and Healt

References

Chapter 3: A Theoretical Model of Assets: The Link Between Biology and the Social Structure

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Vectors of Causation

3.2.1 The Population Vector

3.2.2 The Societal Vector

3.2.3 The Organization Vector

3.2.4 Environment Vector

3.3 Lifecourse and Lifeworld

3.4 Coping in the Lifeworld

3.5 Conclusion: Assets to Control the Lifeworld

References

Chapter 4: Asset Mapping in Communities

4.1 Introduction

4.2 A Twenty-First Century Map for Healthy Communities and Families

References

Chapter 5: Assets Based Interventions: Evaluating and Synthesizing Evidence of the Effectiveness of the Assets Based Approach

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Assets Based Approach

5.3 Implications for Evaluation

5.4 Implications for Evidence Synthesis

5.4.1 Evaluation vs. Effectiveness1

5.4.2 The Realist Critique of Meta-Analytical Systematic Reviews

5.4.3 The Realist Critique of Narrative Systematic Reviews

5.4.4 The Realist Synthesis Approach

5.5 An Example: The Effectiveness of Community Interventions Project

5.5.1 Components of the Framework

5.5.2 Candidate Mechanisms of the Framework

5.5.2.1 Component 1: Collaborative Planning

5.5.2.2 Component 2: Community Organization & Action

5.5.2.3 Component 3: Transformational Change

5.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Resilience as an Asset for Healthy Development

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Resilience Capability and Freedom

6.3 Sources of Resilience and “Healthy Choices”

6.4 Diet as a Source of Resilience: the Importance of the Social Context

6.5 Deindustrialization: Health Risks and Resilience

6.6 Capability and the Production of Well-Being

References

Chapter 7: How to Assess Resilience: Reflections on a Measurement Model

7.1 Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Within the New Morbidity

7.1.1 The New Morbidity and Its Consequences for Our Understanding of Health Determinants

7.1.2 The Rising Importance of Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence

7.1.3 Beyond Mental Ill-Health: The Importance of Positive Mental Health

7.2 Risks, Resources and Resilience: Promoting the Capacity to Cope with Adversity

7.2.1 Different Levels of Mental Health Determinants

7.2.2 Findings on Risk Factors for Mental Health and Shortcomings of the Risk Approach

7.2.3 How to Maintain Health Despite Adverse Conditions: Taking a Look at Resources

7.2.4 Resilience: Some Further Conceptual Clarifications

7.2.5 Models of Resilience

7.3 Identifying Health Assets in Order to Foster Resilience

7.3.1 The Potential of Population-Based Studies

7.3.2 Measuring Adversity: Risk Factors Assessment

7.3.3 Measuring Resources: Protective Factors Assessment

7.4 Assets in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Children: An Example from the BELLA Study

7.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Measuring Children’s Well-Being: Some Problems and Possibilities

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 Summary of UNICEF Report

8.1.2 Why Are We Writing This Chapter?

8.2 What Is “Well-Being”?

8.3 Measuring Well-Being

8.3.1 Dimension 1: Material Well-Being

8.3.2 Dimension 2: Health and Safety

8.3.3 Dimension 3: Educational Well-Being

8.3.4 Dimension 4: Family and Peer Relationships

8.3.5 Dimension 5: Behaviours and Risks

8.3.6 Dimension 6: Subjective Well-Being

8.3.7 Discussion of These Dimensions

8.3.8 Overall Comments

8.4 Rights: The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

8.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: The Relationship Between Health Assets, Social Capital and Cohesive Communities

9.1 Social Cohesion and Health: Theoretical Links to Health

9.1.1 Collective Socialization

9.1.2 Informal Social Control

9.1.3 Collective Efficacy

9.2 The Measurement of Social Cohesion

9.3 Social Cohesion and Health: Empirical Findings

9.4 Is Investing in Social Cohesion a Practical Strategy for Health Promotion?

9.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Community Empowerment and Health Improvement: The English Experience

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Community Empowerment, Development and Involvement

10.3 Community Empowerment and Health Improvements

10.4 Community Engagement in Public Health Policy and Practice

10.5 The Challenge of Community Empowerment and Engagement for Health Development

10.6 Reviewing Evidence on Good Practice in Community Empowerment, Community Engagementand Community Development an

10.7 Evaluative Evidence on Community Engagement/Development

References

Chapter 11: Strengthening the Assets of Women Living in Disadvantaged Situations: The German Experience

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Concept of Movement in a Health Promotion/Health Assets Framework

11.2.1 Beyond Sport and Physical Activity

11.2.2 Movement and Social Inequality

11.2.2.1 Movement: Social Support and Inequality

11.2.2.2 Movement: Community Connectedness and Inequality

11.2.2.3 Movement: The Built Environment and Inequality

11.3 Assets for Movement

11.3.1 Individuals as an Asset for Movement

11.3.2 Organisations as an Asset for Movement

11.3.3 Infrastructures as an Asset for Movement

11.4 Assessing Assets for Movement

11.4.1 Methodology of Asset Assessment

11.4.2 Implementation of Asset Assessment

11.4.3 Results of Assets Assessment

11.5 Applying Assets for Movement in the Planning Process

11.5.1 Methodology of Asset Application

11.5.2 Implementation of Asset Application

11.5.3 Results of Asset Application

11.6 Evaluating the Use of Assets for Movement for the Development of the Interventions

11.6.1 Methodology of Evaluation

11.6.2 Results of the Evaluation

11.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Sustainable Community-Based Health and Development Programs in Rural India

Box 12.1 Jodhpur

12.1 Background

12.2 Introduction

12.3 Health Inequities in India

12.4 Policy Environment

12.5 Community-Based Health and Development Programme – Khoj: An Innovation for Further Adoption

Box 12.2 Definitions of Key Characteristics Ensuring Community Health and Development

Box 12.3 Khoj – A Vision for Progress in Community Health and Development Partnerships

12.6 Khoj Initiative – Programme Approach and Outreach

12.6.1 Khoj Strategies

12.7 Work-in-Progress and Lessons Learned

12.8 Khoj Thrust Areas of Work

12.9 Health Interventions

12.9.1 Women and Health

12.9.2 Specific Health Issues

12.9.3 Health Promotion

12.10 Community Organization

12.10.1 Education

12.10.2 Community Development

12.10.3 Capacity Building

12.10.4 Income Generation Programme

12.10.5 Formation of Self Help Groups

12.10.6 Livestock Improvement

12.10.7 Environment

12.10.8 Collaboration with the Government

12.10.9 Sustainability

12.10.10 Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation

12.10.11 Impact and Achievements

12.11 Key Learnings

12.12 Conclusion

12.13 Annex: Success Stories

12.13.1 Towards a Culture of Preparedness and Sustainability

12.13.1.1 Aparajita Orissa

12.13.2 Long Term Development Through Community Participation

12.13.2.1 Sambhav Social Service Organisation, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh

References

Chapter 13: The Application and Evaluation of an Assets-Based Model in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Experience wi

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Background

13.3 The Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities Movement in LAC

Municipal Governments as a Strategic Health Asset: The Experience of a Malaria Prevention and Control Initiative in Central Am

13.4 Building the Evidence of the Effectiveness of Interventions that Incorporate an Assets-based Approach in LAC

13.5 PAHO’s Evaluation Initiative

13.6 The Application of the Participatory Evaluation Guide in LAC

The Application of the Participatory Evaluation Methodology to the Tai Chi in the Parks Program, in Miraflores, Peru2

13.7 Discussion

References

Chapter 14: Parents and Communities’ Assets to Control Under-Five Child Malaria in Rural Benin, West Africa

14.1 Introduction

14.2 International and National Context at the Time of the Study

14.2.1 The Heads of State and Government Summit in Abuja on Malaria

14.3 The Millennium Development Goals

14.4 Approaches Used in Benin to Control Malaria

14.5 How to Deal with the Persistence of Malaria?

14.6 Intervention (Houéto and Deccache 2008)

14.7 Results

14.7.1 At the Individual Level

14.7.2 At the Community Level

14.7.3 Health Data

14.8 The Critical Conditions Required to Ensurethe Effective Implementation of Assets Based Policy at a Community Level

14.9 New Methodologies for Constructing the Evidence Base on Assets Approaches to Health and Development

14.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 15: Strengthening Asset Focused Policy Making in Hungary

15.1 Introduction

15.1.1 Health Policy Environment

15.1.2 Main Characteristics of Health Promotion in Hungary

15.1.3 The Main Assets of Promoting Health in Hungary

15.2 Setting the Scene

15.2.1 Background, Main Trends of Economic Development

15.2.2 Budgetary Restrictions

15.2.3 Facing the Uncertainties of an Economic and Financial Crisis: The Nature of Challenge

15.3 The New Hungary Development Plan as an Asset for Promoting Health at Central Government Level

15.4 Specific Features of Community Development in Eastern Europe

15.5 Integrating Health in Local Development Plans

15.5.1 The City Health Promotion Plan of Békéscsaba

15.5.2 The Socioeconomic Profile of Békéscsaba

15.5.3 Experience in Health Promotion Prior to the City Health Promotion Plan

15.5.4 The Development Plan of Békéscsaba: A General Framework

15.5.5 Setting up the City Health Promotion Plan

15.5.6 Key Objectives of the City Health Promotion Plan

15.5.7 Main Assets of the City Health Promotion Plan

15.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16: How Forms of Social Capital Can Be an Asset for Promoting Health Equity

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Types of Social Capital in Relation to Health and Health Equity

16.3 Bonding, Bridging and Linking Social Capital

16.3.1 Bonding

16.3.2 Bridging

16.3.3 Linking

16.4 Social Capital and Equity

Box 16.1 Features associated with more equitable societies likely to promote health

16.5 Policies, Forms of Social Capital and the Creation of Health Equity

16.6 Linking Social Capital and Policy

16.7 Bonding and Bridging Social Capital and Policy

16.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 17: Internal and External Assets and Romanian Adolescents’ Health: An Evidence-Based Approach to Health Promoting Sc

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Mapping Internal and External Assets in Romanian Adolescents

17.3 Research Methods

17.4 Results

17.5 Internal and External Assets and AdolescentMental Health

17.6 Internal and External Assets and Health Behaviour

17.7 The “Asset Promoting School”: Providing a Framework for Policy Development

17.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 18: Bringing It All Together: The Salutogenic Response to Some of the Most PertinentPublic Health Dilemmas

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The Theory of Salutogenesis

18.3 Asset Mapping

18.4 Asset Indicators

References

ConclusionsAntony Morgan, Maggie Davies, and Erio Ziglio